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#	Question	Answer
1	What are the three options for increasing food production?	1. Agro-chemical based agriculture, 2. Organic agriculture, 3. Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture
2	Define totipotency.	The capacity of a cell/explant to generate a whole plant.
3	Which plant part is used to obtain virus-free plants?	Meristem (apical and axillary).
4	What is pomato?	A hybrid plant formed by fusion of tomato and potato protoplasts.
5	How do GM plants reduce dependence on pesticides?	By developing pest-resistant crops.
6	Which insects are killed by proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis?	Lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans.
7	How does activated Bt toxin kill insects?	It binds to midgut epithelial cells, creates pores, causes cell swelling and lysis, leading to insect death.
8	What is the function of dsRNA in RNAi?	It binds to specific mRNA and prevents its translation.
9	Why are Bt crops considered bio-pesticides?	Because they provide insect resistance without the need for chemical insecticides.
10	How is adult-onset diabetes commonly managed?	By taking insulin at regular intervals.
11	What is C-peptide?	An extra stretch present in pro-insulin that is removed during maturation.
12	How was human insulin produced using E. coli?	DNA sequences for A and B chains were introduced separately into plasmids of E. coli, then the chains were extracted and combined using disulphide bonds.
13	Why is adenosine deaminase important?	It is crucial for proper functioning of the immune system.
14	How can ADA deficiency potentially be permanently cured?	By introducing the ADA gene into cells at early embryonic stages.
15	How does PCR help in early disease detection?	It amplifies nucleic acid of pathogens present in very low concentration.
16	What is the full form of ELISA?	Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay.
17	Which animal constitutes over 95% of existing transgenic animals?	Mice.
18	Why are transgenic animals created for biological products?	To produce useful biological products for treating human diseases.
19	What special feature do transgenic animals used in toxicity testing possess?	They are more sensitive to toxic substances.
20	Which office granted the patent rights on Basmati rice?	US Patent and Trademark Office.
21	What did the second amendment of the Indian Patents Bill address?	Patent terms, emergency provisions, research, and development initiatives related to bio-resources.
22	Mention some benefits of GM plants.	Increased crop yield, reduced post-harvest losses, stress tolerance, improved nutrition, and reduced pesticide use.
23	Why are viruses used in gene therapy?	They act as vectors to transfer healthy genes into host cells.
24	Mention one advantage of genetically modified crops.	Increased crop yield.
25	Which organism produces Cry proteins?	Bacillus thuringiensis.
26	How is functional ADA introduced during gene therapy?	Through a retroviral vector into cultured lymphocytes.
27	Why does Bt toxin not kill Bacillus thuringiensis itself?	Because the toxin remains in an inactive form inside the bacterium.
28	What is gene therapy?	A technique used to correct defective genes by introducing functional genes into cells and tissues.
29	How can ADA deficiency become permanently curable?	By introducing the ADA gene into cells at early embryonic stages.
30	What are proteases?	Enzymes that digest proteins.