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#	Question	Answer
1	Name some applications of biotechnology.	Therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.
2	What is tissue culture?	It is the technique in which whole plants are regenerated from explants grown in test tubes under sterile conditions in special nutrient media.
3	What are somaclones?	Plants produced through tissue culture that are genetically identical to the original plant.
4	What is somatic hybridisation?	Fusion of isolated protoplasts from two different plant varieties to form a hybrid plant.
5	What are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?	Plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation.
6	Which bacterium produces Bt toxin?	Bacillus thuringiensis.
7	In which form does Bt toxin exist inside the bacterium?	Inactive protoxin form.
8	Which nematode infects tobacco roots?	Meloidegyne incognitia.
9	What happens when sense and antisense RNA are produced together?	They form double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
10	Approximately how many recombinant therapeutics are approved worldwide for human use?	About 30.
11	How are the A and B chains of insulin connected?	By disulphide bridges.
12	Which company prepared DNA sequences for human insulin chains in 1983?	Eli Lilly.
13	When and for whom was the first clinical gene therapy given?	In 1990, to a 4-year-old girl with ADA deficiency.
14	Which vector is used to introduce functional ADA cDNA into lymphocytes?	Retroviral vector.
15	Name three techniques used for molecular diagnosis.	Recombinant DNA technology, PCR, and ELISA.
16	What is used as a probe in molecular diagnosis?	Single-stranded DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule.
17	What are transgenic animals?	Animals whose DNA has been manipulated to possess and express a foreign gene.
18	Which growth-related factor is mentioned in the study of transgenic animals?	Insulin-like growth factor.
19	Which transgenic animal is used for vaccine safety testing?	Transgenic mice.
20	What makes Basmati rice distinct?	Its unique aroma and flavour.
21	Why is traditional knowledge related to bio-resources important?	It can help develop modern applications and save time, effort, and expenditure during commercialisation.
22	What has recombinant DNA technology made possible?	Engineering microbes, plants, and animals with novel capabilities.
23	What is gene therapy according to the summary?	Insertion of genes into cells and tissues to treat hereditary diseases.
24	In which form does Bt toxin exist inside bacteria?	Inactive protoxin form.
25	What concern is associated with genetically modified crops?	They raise ethical and environmental concerns.
26	Which disease was treated using the first clinical gene therapy?	Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
27	What is golden rice?	Vitamin A enriched genetically modified rice.
28	What is the role of Cry proteins?	They act as toxic insecticidal proteins against specific insects.
29	Which cells are cultured outside the body during ADA gene therapy?	Lymphocytes.
30	What is golden rice?	A genetically modified rice enriched with Vitamin A.