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#	Question	Answer
1	What is described as the major utility of the biological world?	The biological world is described as a source of food.
2	What method had Stanley Cohen developed?	A method of removing plasmids from a cell and reinserting them into other cells.
3	Name some techniques included under biotechnology.	In vitro fertilisation, synthesising a gene, developing a DNA vaccine, and correcting a defective gene.
4	What is preserved in asexual reproduction?	Genetic information is preserved in asexual reproduction.
5	Why must alien DNA be linked to the origin of replication?	So that the alien DNA can replicate and multiply itself in the host organism.
6	What acts as a vector to transfer a piece of DNA?	Plasmid DNA acts as a vector to transfer a piece of DNA.
7	What are the three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism?	1. Identification of DNA with desirable genes, 2. Introduction of identified DNA into the host, 3. Maintenance and transfer of DNA to progeny
8	Approximately how many restriction enzymes are known today?	More than 900 restriction enzymes.
9	To which larger class do restriction enzymes belong?	Nucleases.
10	What type of nucleotide sequence is recognised by restriction endonucleases?	Palindromic nucleotide sequences.
11	What happens when DNA fragments are cut by the same restriction enzyme?	They have the same kind of sticky ends and can be joined together using DNA ligase.
12	What is the commonly used matrix in gel electrophoresis?	Agarose.
13	Why is UV radiation used after staining DNA with ethidium bromide?	To visualise DNA fragments as bright orange coloured bands.
14	What is the advantage of linking alien DNA with plasmid or bacteriophage DNA?	The alien DNA can multiply equal to the copy number of the plasmid or bacteriophage.
15	Which type of vector is preferred to obtain many copies of target DNA?	A vector whose origin supports high copy number.
16	What are cloning sites in vectors?	Specific recognition sites for restriction enzymes where alien DNA can be linked.
17	How do non-recombinants behave on antibiotic media in pBR322 selection?	They grow on media containing both antibiotics.
18	Which bacterium naturally transfers T-DNA into plant cells?	*Agrobacterium tumifaciens*.
19	Which divalent cation is commonly used to make bacterial cells competent?	Calcium ions.
20	What are the major steps involved in recombinant DNA technology?	Isolation of DNA, fragmentation by restriction endonucleases, isolation of desired DNA fragment, ligation into vector, transfer into host, culturing host cells, and extraction of desired product.
21	Which enzyme is used to break fungal cell walls during DNA isolation?	Chitinase.
22	How does precipitated DNA appear in suspension?	As fine threads.
23	What is the result of ligating cut vector DNA and gene of interest?	Formation of recombinant DNA.
24	What acts as the template during PCR?	Genomic DNA.
25	What can be done with the amplified DNA fragment after PCR?	It can be ligated with a vector for further cloning.
26	What happens when alien DNA is inserted into a cloning vector and transferred into host cells?	The alien DNA gets multiplied.
27	Why are bioreactors needed?	Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products.
28	What is the function of the stirrer in a bioreactor?	It facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor.
29	What must biotechnology products undergo before marketing?	Thorough clinical trials and strict quality control testing.
30	Which enzymes are involved in recombinant DNA technology?	Restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.
31	What is the function of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?	It joins DNA fragments together.