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#	Question	Answer
1	How do LAB convert milk into curd?	LAB produce acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins.
2	Name foods prepared by microbial fermentation mentioned in the text.	Fish, soybean, and bamboo shoots.
3	Which alcoholic beverages are produced without distillation?	Wine and beer.
4	Who established the full potential of penicillin as an antibiotic?	Ernest Chain and Howard Florey.
5	What do LAB produce during curd formation?	Acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins.
6	Why does idli or dosa dough appear puffed up?	Due to production of CO2 gas during fermentation.
7	What gives Roquefort cheese its characteristic flavour?	Specific fungi grown during ripening.
8	Name alcoholic beverages produced by distillation.	Whisky, brandy, and rum.
9	Who established the full potential of penicillin as an antibiotic?	Ernest Chain and Howard Florey.
10	Which bacterium produces acetic acid?	Acetobacter aceti.
11	Why are bottled fruit juices clearer than homemade juices?	They are clarified using pectinases and proteases.
12	What is the function of statins?	They lower blood cholesterol levels.
13	Where is sewage treated before disposal?	In sewage treatment plants (STPs).
14	What is grit in sewage treatment?	Soil and small pebbles removed by sedimentation.
15	What is BOD?	Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
16	Why is a small portion of activated sludge pumped back into the aeration tank?	To serve as inoculum.
17	Where is treated effluent generally released after secondary treatment?	Into natural water bodies like rivers and streams.
18	What is biogas?	A mixture of gases, predominantly methane, produced by microbial activity and used as fuel.
19	Name a common methanogen bacterium.	Methanobacterium.
20	What is the role of methanogens in the rumen of cattle?	They help in breakdown of cellulose and aid cattle nutrition.
21	Why does the floating cover in a biogas plant rise upward?	Due to accumulation of gas produced by microbial activity.
22	Which organisations mainly developed biogas technology in India?	Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).
23	According to organic farmers, what increases sustainability in agriculture?	Greater biodiversity.
24	Why is eradication of pests considered undesirable in organic farming?	Because beneficial predatory and parasitic insects depend on them for food or hosts.
25	In what form is Bacillus thuringiensis commercially available?	As dried spores in sachets.
26	What has genetic engineering enabled scientists to do with Bt toxin genes?	Introduce them into plants to make plants insect-resistant.
27	What are baculoviruses?	Pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods.
28	Why are baculoviruses suitable for ecologically sensitive areas?	Because they do not harm non-target organisms.
29	Which bacterium forms symbiotic nodules on roots of leguminous plants?	Rhizobium.
30	What nutrient does the fungal symbiont absorb from soil in mycorrhiza?	Phosphorus.
31	Why are cyanobacteria important in paddy fields?	They serve as biofertilisers.
32	Which microbes produce methane during degradation of plant waste?	Methanogens.
33	What do the diverse uses of microbes indicate?	Microbes play an important role in human welfare.
34	Name some traditional Indian foods involving microbes.	Foods made from wheat, rice, and Bengal gram products.
35	What is the key difference between primary and secondary sewage treatment?	Primary treatment removes particles physically, while secondary treatment uses microbes biologically.
36	Which water sample has the highest pollution level in a BOD test?	The sample with the highest BOD value.
37	What are biofertilisers?	Organisms that enrich soil nutrient quality.
38	What is the role of mycorrhiza in plants?	It helps absorb phosphorus and improves plant growth.
39	Which bacterium produces acetic acid?	Acetobacter aceti.