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#	Question	Answer
1	Which medical discoveries changed medical practice and human health?	Discovery of antibiotics, synthetic plant-derived drugs, and anaesthetics.
2	Which concepts were developed by M.S. Swaminathan?	Crop cafeteria, crop scheduling, and genetically improving yield and quality.
3	Which system maintains our health according to modern biology?	Immune system.
4	How does health influence longevity and mortality?	Good health increases longevity and reduces infant and maternal mortality.
5	Into which two broad categories are diseases grouped?	Infectious and non-infectious diseases.
6	Why are most parasites considered pathogens?	Because they harm the host by living in or on them.
7	Which part of the lungs is infected in pneumonia?	Alveoli (air-filled sacs).
8	Name some bacterial diseases mentioned besides pneumonia.	Dysentery, plague, and diphtheria.
9	How is common cold transmitted?	Through droplets from cough/sneezes or contaminated objects like pens, books, cups, doorknobs, keyboards, and mouse.
10	Which mosquito transmits malaria?	Infected female *Anopheles* mosquito.
11	Where are sporozoites stored in the mosquito body?	Salivary glands.
12	Mention symptoms of amoebiasis.	Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with excess mucus and blood clots.
13	What are the symptoms of ascariasis?	Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia, and blockage of intestinal passage.
14	How are filarial worms transmitted?	Through the bite of female mosquito vectors.
15	How is ringworm generally acquired?	From soil or by using towels, clothes, or combs of infected individuals.
16	What additional precaution is necessary for air-borne diseases like pneumonia and common cold?	Avoid close contact with infected persons or their belongings.
17	Which deadly disease has been completely eradicated through vaccination?	Smallpox.
18	How does innate immunity protect the body?	By providing different types of barriers against entry of foreign agents.
19	Which leukocytes act as cellular barriers in innate immunity?	PMNL-neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages.
20	Which lymphocytes are involved in acquired immunity?	B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
21	Name some types of antibodies found in the body.	IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgG.
22	What is active immunity?	Immunity produced when antibodies are formed in the host body after exposure to antigens.
23	How does a foetus receive passive immunity from the mother?	Through the placenta during pregnancy.
24	Why are preformed antibodies injected in diseases like tetanus?	Because a quick immune response is required.
25	What is allergy?	An exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens in the environment.
26	Which chemicals released from mast cells cause allergy symptoms?	Histamine and serotonin.
27	What are lymphoid organs?	Organs where origin, maturation, and proliferation of lymphocytes occur.
28	Where is the thymus located?	Near the heart and beneath the breastbone.
29	What is the main function of the spleen?	It filters blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.
30	What is MALT?	Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located within the lining of major tracts.
31	Which virus causes AIDS?	Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV).
32	Does HIV spread through touch or physical contact?	No, it spreads only through body fluids.
33	Why are macrophages called HIV factories?	Because they continuously produce HIV particles.
34	Which diagnostic test is widely used for AIDS?	ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay).
35	Why should HIV/AIDS infection not be hidden?	Because hiding it may spread infection to many more people.
36	What happens when cancer cells lose contact inhibition?	They continue to divide and form tumors.
37	What is metastasis?	The spread of cancer cells to distant body parts where they form new tumors.
38	What are proto-oncogenes (c-onc)?	Cellular oncogenes in normal cells that can lead to cancer when activated.
39	What is the principle of MRI?	It uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to detect tissue changes.
40	What is done in radiotherapy?	Tumor cells are lethally irradiated while protecting surrounding normal tissues.
41	What are opioids?	Drugs that bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
42	How is heroin generally taken?	By snorting and injection.
43	Name drugs prepared from cannabis.	Marijuana, hashish, charas, and ganja.
44	What are the common names of cocaine?	Coke or crack.
45	Which categories of medicinal drugs are often abused?	Barbiturates, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines.
46	Which hormones are released due to nicotine stimulation?	Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline.
47	What is adolescence according to the text?	A period and process during which a child becomes mature in attitudes and beliefs.
48	Why do some adolescents continue using drugs or alcohol after experimentation?	To escape facing problems and due to perceived benefits.
49	Why do repeated drug users require higher doses over time?	Because receptor tolerance levels increase with repeated use.
50	What can excessive drug dosage lead to?	Coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure, or cerebral hemorrhage.
51	How can AIDS and Hepatitis B spread besides infected needles?	Through sexual contact or infected blood.
52	Which substances are commonly misused by athletes?	Narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics, and certain hormones.
53	Why should children not be pushed beyond their limits?	To avoid undue peer pressure and stress related to studies, sports, or activities.
54	Why is early identification of substance abuse important?	It helps initiate proper remedial steps and treatment.
55	Which public health measures help prevent infectious diseases?	Proper waste disposal, clean drinking water, vector control, immunisation, and hygiene.
56	Can AIDS be prevented?	Yes, by taking proper precautions.
57	What does MALT stand for?	Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.
58	Differentiate between active and passive immunity.	Active immunity develops after exposure to antigens, while passive immunity is obtained by transfer of ready-made antibodies.