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#	Question	Answer
1	Name two sectors where biological knowledge has furthered human welfare.	Health sector and agriculture.
2	What varieties of rice were developed by Swaminathan and his team?	Short-duration high-yielding varieties of rice including scented Basmati.
3	Which systems influence the immune system according to biology?	Neural system and endocrine system.
4	How does good health affect productivity and economy?	Healthy people are more efficient at work, increasing productivity and economic prosperity.
5	What is a disease according to the text?	Disease is a condition in which functioning of one or more organs or systems is adversely affected, showing signs and symptoms.
6	What are pathogens?	Disease-causing organisms.
7	Which bacteria cause pneumonia in humans?	*Streptococcus pneumoniae* and *Haemophilus influenzae*.
8	How does pneumonia spread?	By inhaling droplets/aerosols from infected persons or sharing glasses and utensils.
9	How long do common cold symptoms usually last?	3–7 days.
10	In which form does *Plasmodium* enter the human body?	Sporozoites.
11	How frequently do chills and high fever recur in malaria?	Every three to four days.
12	Where does *Entamoeba histolytica* live in humans?	Large intestine.
13	What disease is caused by *Ascaris*?	Ascariasis.
14	Which body parts are mainly affected in elephantiasis?	Lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and genital organs.
15	Which body areas commonly support ringworm growth?	Skin folds such as groin and between toes.
16	Which diseases are transmitted through food and water?	Typhoid, amoebiasis, and ascariasis.
17	Which diseases spread through *Aedes* mosquitoes are mentioned?	Dengue and chikungunya.
18	What is innate immunity?	Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defence present at the time of birth.
19	Mention physiological barriers in innate immunity.	Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, and tears from eyes.
20	What is secondary or anamnestic response?	A highly intensified response during subsequent encounter with the same pathogen.
21	Name the two types of peptide chains in antibodies.	Two light chains and two heavy chains.
22	Which immune response is responsible for graft rejection?	Cell-mediated immune response.
23	Which antibody is abundant in colostrum?	IgA.
24	Which memory cells are generated by vaccines?	Memory B-cells and T-cells.
25	Which vaccine produced from yeast is mentioned in the text?	Hepatitis B vaccine.
26	Mention symptoms of allergic reactions.	Sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, and difficulty in breathing.
27	What does the human immune system consist of?	Lymphoid organs, tissues, cells, and soluble molecules like antibodies.
28	Which is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells are produced?	Bone marrow.
29	Which cells are mainly present in the spleen?	Lymphocytes and phagocytes.
30	What activates lymphocytes in lymph nodes?	Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes.
31	When was AIDS first reported?	1981.
32	Which groups are at high risk of HIV infection?	Individuals with multiple sexual partners, intravenous drug abusers, repeated blood transfusion patients, and children born to infected mothers.
33	Into what does viral DNA get incorporated?	Host cell DNA.
34	Why do AIDS patients become susceptible to many infections?	Due to decreased helper T-lymphocytes causing immunodeficiency.
35	What measures are taken to prevent the spread of HIV infection?	Safe blood transfusion, use of disposable needles, free condom distribution, control of drug abuse, safe sex awareness, and regular HIV check-ups.
36	What is contact inhibition?	A property of normal cells in which contact with other cells inhibits uncontrolled growth.
37	Why do cancer cells starve normal cells?	Because they compete for vital nutrients.
38	What are oncogenic viruses?	Cancer-causing viruses containing viral oncogenes.
39	What is the principle of CT scan?	It uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image of internal organs.
40	What are common methods used for cancer treatment?	Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
41	From where are most abused drugs obtained?	Flowering plants.
42	What is the common name of heroin?	Smack.
43	Which parts of the cannabis plant are used to prepare drugs?	Flower tops, leaves, and resin.
44	Which neurotransmitter transport is interfered with by cocaine?	Dopamine transport.
45	Name hallucinogenic plants mentioned in the text.	*Atropa belladona* and *Datura*.
46	Which alkaloid is present in tobacco?	Nicotine.
47	How does smoking affect oxygen transport in blood?	It increases carbon monoxide and reduces oxyhaemoglobin concentration causing oxygen deficiency.
48	How does curiosity contribute to drug and alcohol use?	It motivates children to experiment with drugs or alcohol.
49	What is dependence in drug/alcohol abuse?	The tendency of the body to show withdrawal symptoms when drug or alcohol use is stopped abruptly.
50	What are immediate adverse effects of drug and alcohol abuse?	Reckless behaviour, vandalism, and violence.
51	Why are intravenous drug users at higher risk of AIDS and Hepatitis B?	Due to sharing infected needles and syringes.
52	Why do some sportspersons misuse drugs?	To enhance muscle strength, bulk, aggressiveness, and athletic performance.
53	What type of parenting lowers the risk of substance abuse?	Parenting with high nurturance and consistent discipline.
54	What should alert parents and teachers look for in adolescents?	Danger signs of drug and alcohol abuse.
55	Which malaria-causing organism may prove fatal if untreated?	*Plasmodium falciparum*.
56	Which virus causes AIDS?	Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV).
57	What measures can relieve individuals from alcohol/drug abuse?	Education, counselling, professional help, and medical assistance.
58	Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity.	Innate immunity is non-specific and present from birth, while acquired immunity is pathogen-specific and has memory.