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#	Question	Answer
1	According to the Big Bang Theory, which two gases formed first?	Hydrogen and Helium.
2	What happened to hydrogen formed from water breakdown?	The lighter hydrogen escaped into space.
3	What is spontaneous generation theory?	The belief that life originated from decaying matter.
4	What is chemical evolution?	Formation of organic molecules from inorganic constituents.
5	When did the first cellular forms of life appear?	About 2000 million years ago.
6	In which environment did all early life forms exist?	Water environment.
7	Which scientist challenged the theory of Special Creation during the 19th century?	Charles Darwin.
8	What is variation in a population?	Differences in characteristics among individuals of a population.
9	What do all existing life forms share according to Darwin?	Common ancestors.
10	What do fossils in different sedimentary layers show?	Life forms varied over time.
11	In which vertebrate are gill slits functional in adults?	Fish.
12	Which animals are mentioned as having similar forelimb bone patterns?	Whales, bats, cheetah, and humans.
13	Give one example of homologous organs in plants.	Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita.
14	Analogous structures are a result of which type of evolution?	Convergent evolution.
15	Why has man selectively bred plants and animals?	For agriculture, horticulture, sport, and security.
16	After industrialisation, which moths became more common?	Dark-winged or melanised moths.
17	Why do lichens not grow in polluted areas?	They are sensitive to pollution.
18	Is evolution a directed deterministic process?	No, it is a stochastic process based on chance events and mutations.
19	Which mammals are another example of adaptive radiation?	Australian marsupials.
20	Why are placental mammals and marsupials compared?	They evolved similar forms independently.
21	Why do microbes evolve rapidly?	They divide fast and multiply quickly.
22	What does nature select according to Darwin?	Fitness.
23	What marks the true beginning of evolution by natural selection?	Origin of cellular forms of life with metabolic differences.
24	What happens when the medium composition changes?	Only variants adapted to the new conditions survive.
25	What does nature select according to Darwin?	Fitness.
26	Which scientist proposed evolution through use and disuse of organs?	Lamarck.
27	Are individuals in a population exactly alike?	No, variations exist among them.
28	What happens over many generations due to natural selection?	Population characteristics change and new forms arise.
29	How did Darwin describe variations?	Small and directional.
30	According to Hardy-Weinberg principle, how do allele frequencies behave across generations?	They remain stable and constant from generation to generation.
31	In a diploid organism, what does p represent?	Frequency of allele A.
32	Name the five factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.	Gene migration, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection.
33	What may happen if allele frequency changes greatly in a new population?	The population may become a different species.
34	Which processes can cause changes in gene and allele frequencies?	Mutation, recombination, gene flow, and genetic drift.
35	What does natural selection combined with genetic variation produce?	Different populations and evolutionary change.
36	What happens during the light reaction of photosynthesis?	Water is split using solar energy captured by pigments.
37	Which organisms first invaded land?	Plants.
38	What are lobefins believed to have evolved into?	First amphibians.
39	Name some modern descendants of reptiles mentioned in the text.	Turtles, tortoises, and crocodiles.
40	Name the largest dinosaur mentioned in the text.	Tyrannosaurus rex.
41	What were the first mammals like?	Small and shrew-like.
42	Why did pouched mammals survive in Australia?	Due to lack of competition from other mammals.
43	Which primate was considered more man-like?	Ramapithecus.
44	What was the approximate height of early man-like primates?	Less than 4 feet tall.
45	What was the first human-like being called?	Homo habilis.
46	What was the approximate brain size of Homo erectus?	Around 900 cc.
47	What did Neanderthal men use to protect their bodies?	Animal hides.
48	When did prehistoric cave art develop?	About 18,000 years ago.
49	What do most scientists believe preceded the first cellular forms of life?	Chemical evolution and formation of biomolecules.
50	Which fields provide evidence for evolution according to the summary?	Comparative anatomy, fossils, and comparative biochemistry.
51	What does branching descent explain?	Homology among organisms.