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#	Question	Answer
1	What does the term reproductive health refer to?	It refers to healthy reproductive organs with normal functions and includes the emotional and social aspects of reproduction.
2	According to WHO, what is reproductive health?	Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, namely physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
3	What is meant by a reproductively healthy society?	A society in which people have physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioural interactions in all sex-related aspects.
4	What was the social goal of the national programmes initiated by India?	To attain total reproductive health.
5	India was among the first countries to initiate action plans for reproductive health. True or False?	True.
6	What were the programmes initiated in 1951 called?	Family planning programmes.
7	Since when have family planning programmes been periodically assessed?	Over the past decades.
8	Under what popular name are improved programmes covering wider reproduction-related areas currently operating?**	Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes.
9	What are the major tasks of RCH programmes?**	Creating awareness about various reproduction-related aspects and providing facilities and support for building a reproductively healthy society.
10	Which agencies have taken steps to create awareness about reproduction-related aspects?**	Governmental and non-governmental agencies with the help of audio-visual and print media.
11	Who else plays a major role in disseminating information on reproductive health?**	Parents, close relatives, teachers and friends.
12	Why should sex education in schools be encouraged?**	To provide correct information to the young and discourage myths and misconceptions about sex-related aspects.
13	What information helps adolescents lead a reproductively healthy life?**	Information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, STDs and AIDS.
14	Educating fertile couples and people of marriageable age about which aspects is important?**	Birth control options, care of pregnant mothers, post-natal care, importance of breast feeding and equal opportunities for male and female children.
15	Awareness of which social problems should be created?**	Problems due to uncontrolled population growth, sex abuse and sex-related crimes.
16	What is required for successful implementation of reproductive health action plans?**	Strong infrastructural facilities, professional expertise and material support.
17	Why are these facilities essential?**	To provide medical assistance and care for pregnancy, delivery, STDs, abortions, contraception, menstrual problems and infertility.
18	Name some programmes mentioned for reproductive health improvement.**	Statutory ban on amniocentesis for sex determination and massive child immunisation.
19	What is done in amniocentesis?**	Some amniotic fluid of the developing foetus is taken to analyse fetal cells and dissolved substances.
20	Which genetic disorders can be detected by amniocentesis?**	Down syndrome, haemophilia and sickle-cell anemia.
21	Why is research on reproduction-related areas encouraged?**	To discover new methods and improve existing ones.
22	Which new oral contraceptive for females was developed in India?**	Saheli.
23	What effect did increased health facilities and better living conditions have on population growth?**	They had an explosive impact on the growth of population.
24	What was the world population in 1900?**	Around 2 billion (2000 million).
25	To about how much did the world population rise by 2000?**	About 6 billion.
26	What was the world population in 2011?**	7.2 billion.
27	What was India's population at the time of independence?**	Approximately 350 million.
28	What milestone did India's population reach by 2000?**	It reached close to the billion mark.
29	What was India's population in May 2011?**	More than 1.2 billion.
30	What are the probable reasons for population explosion?**	Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), and increase in the number of people in reproductive age.
31	Through which programme was the population growth rate brought down marginally?**	Reproductive Child Health (RCH) programme.
32	According to the 2011 census report, what was the population growth rate?**	Less than 2%, i.e., 20/1000/year.
33	What basic requirements may become scarce due to alarming population growth?**	Food, shelter and clothing.
34	What is the most important step to control population growth?**	Motivating smaller families by using various contraceptive methods.
35	Which couples have commonly adopted the 'one child norm'?**	Mostly young, urban, working couples.
36	What is the statutory marriageable age for females?**	18 years.
37	What is the statutory marriageable age for males?**	21 years.
38	What characteristics should an ideal contraceptive possess?**	It should be user-friendly, easily available, effective, reversible, have no or least side-effects, and should not interfere with sexual drive, desire or the sexual act.
39	Name the broad categories of contraceptive methods.**	Natural/Traditional, Barrier, IUDs, Oral contraceptives, Injectables, Implants and Surgical methods.
40	On what principle do natural methods work?**	Avoiding the chances of ovum and sperms meeting.
41	What is periodic abstinence?**	Avoiding coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
42	Why is day 10–17 of the menstrual cycle called the fertile period?**	Because chances of fertilisation are very high during this period.
43	What is withdrawal or coitus interruptus?**	The male withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
44	What is lactational amenorrhea?**	Absence of menstruation during intense lactation following parturition.
45	Why are chances of conception almost nil during lactational amenorrhea?**	Because ovulation and the menstrual cycle do not occur during intense lactation.
46	For how long is lactational amenorrhea effective?**	Up to a maximum period of six months following parturition.
47	What are the side effects of natural methods?**	Side effects are almost nil.
48	What is a disadvantage of natural methods?**	Chances of failure are high.
49	How do barrier methods prevent conception?**	By preventing ovum and sperms from physically meeting.
50	For whom are barrier methods available?**	Both males and females.
51	What are condoms made of?**	Thin rubber/latex sheath.
52	How do condoms prevent conception?**	They prevent ejaculated semen from entering the female reproductive tract.
53	Which is a popular brand of male condom?**	Nirodh.
54	What additional benefit do condoms provide?**	Protection from contracting STIs and AIDS.
55	What are two advantages of male and female condoms?**	They are disposable and can be self-inserted, giving privacy to the user.
56	Name the reusable barrier devices used in females.**	Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults.
57	How do diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults prevent conception?**	By blocking the entry of sperms through the cervix.
58	Which substances are used with barrier devices to increase contraceptive efficiency?**	Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams.
59	Who inserts IUDs?**	Doctors or expert nurses.
60	Through which route are IUDs inserted?**	Through the vagina into the uterus.
61	Name the non-medicated IUD mentioned in the text.**	Lippes loop.
62	Name the copper-releasing IUDs.**	CuT, Cu7 and Multiload 375.
63	Name the hormone-releasing IUDs.**	Progestasert and LNG-20.
64	How do IUDs act as contraceptives?**	They increase phagocytosis of sperms and Cu ions suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity.
65	How do hormone-releasing IUDs act in addition to the action of Cu ions?**	They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.
66	For which females are IUDs considered ideal contraceptives?**	Females who want to delay pregnancy and/or space children.
67	What is the status of IUDs as a contraceptive method in India?**	It is one of the most widely accepted methods of contraception in India.
68	Which hormones are used in oral contraceptive pills?**	Small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations.
69	Why are oral contraceptives popularly called pills?**	Because they are used in the form of tablets.
70	For how many days should contraceptive pills be taken?**	Daily for a period of 21 days.
71	When should oral pills preferably be started?**	Within the first five days of the menstrual cycle.
72	What is done after taking pills for 21 days?**	A gap of 7 days is given during which menstruation occurs, and then the cycle is repeated.
73	How do oral pills prevent conception?**	They inhibit ovulation and implantation and alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms.
74	What are the characteristics of contraceptive pills?**	They are very effective, have lesser side effects and are well accepted by females.
75	Which new oral contraceptive for females contains a non-steroidal preparation?**	Saheli.
76	How frequently is Saheli taken?**	Once a week.
77	What are the advantages of Saheli?**	Very few side effects and high contraceptive value.
78	Which hormones are used as injections or implants under the skin?**	Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen.
79	How does the action of injectables and implants compare with pills?**	Their mode of action is similar to that of pills.
80	What is the duration of effectiveness of injectables and implants compared to pills?**	Their effective periods are much longer.
81	Within how many hours of coitus can progestogens, progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs be used as emergency contraceptives?**	Within 72 hours of coitus.
82	In which situations are emergency contraceptives useful?**	To avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
83	What are surgical methods of contraception also called?**	Sterilisation.
84	For whom are surgical methods generally advised?**	For the male or female partner as a terminal method to prevent any more pregnancies.
85	How do surgical methods prevent conception?**	By blocking gamete transport.
86	What is sterilisation called in males?**	Vasectomy.
87	What is sterilisation called in females?**	Tubectomy.
88	What is done during vasectomy?**	A small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
89	What is done during tubectomy?**	A small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina.
90	What are the characteristics of vasectomy and tubectomy?**	They are highly effective, but their reversibility is very poor.
91	With whom should the selection and use of contraceptive methods be undertaken?**	Qualified medical professionals.
92	Are contraceptives regular requirements for maintaining reproductive health?**	No, they are not regular requirements for maintenance of reproductive health.
93	Against which natural reproductive event are contraceptives practiced?**	Conception or pregnancy.
94	Why are contraceptive methods used?**	To prevent pregnancy or to delay or space pregnancy due to personal reasons.
95	What role has the widespread use of contraceptives played?**	It has significantly helped in checking uncontrolled population growth.
96	Name some possible ill-effects of contraceptives.**	Nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding and even breast cancer.
97	Approximately how many MTPs are performed annually throughout the world?**	Nearly 45–50 million.
98	MTPs account for what fraction of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year?**	One-fifth (1/5).
99	Why is the acceptance or legalisation of MTP debated in many countries?**	Due to emotional, ethical, religious and social issues involved.
100	In which year did the Government of India legalise MTP?**	1971.
101	Why were strict conditions imposed while legalising MTP?**	To avoid misuse and to check indiscriminate and illegal female foeticides.
102	What are the major reasons for opting for MTP?**	Unwanted pregnancies due to casual unprotected intercourse, failure of contraceptives or rape.
103	In which medical situations are MTPs considered essential?**	When continuation of pregnancy could be harmful or fatal to the mother, the foetus, or both.
104	During which trimester are MTPs considered relatively safe?**	During the first trimester.
105	Up to how many weeks of pregnancy are MTPs relatively safe?**	Up to 12 weeks (opinion of one doctor); between 12-24 weeks (opinion of two doctors) for specific grounds.
106	Which trimester abortions are much riskier?**	Second trimester abortions.
107	Why are illegal MTPs performed by unqualified quacks dangerous?**	They are unsafe and may even be fatal.
108	Which dangerous misuse related to amniocentesis is mentioned?**	Using amniocentesis to determine the sex of the unborn child and performing MTP if the foetus is female.
109	What is the status of female foeticide through MTP after sex determination?**	It is totally against what is legal.
110	Name some common STIs mentioned in the text.**	Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and HIV leading to AIDS.
111	Which STI is considered the most dangerous?**	HIV infection.
112	Besides sexual intercourse, how can hepatitis-B and HIV be transmitted?**	By sharing injection needles or surgical instruments, blood transfusion, and from an infected mother to the foetus.
113	Which infections are not completely curable?**	Hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections.
114	Which STIs are completely curable if detected early and treated properly?**	All other STIs except hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections.
115	What are the early symptoms of most STIs?**	Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain and swellings in the genital region.
116	Why may STIs remain undetected in infected females?**	Because infected females are often asymptomatic.
117	What factors delay timely detection and treatment of STIs?**	Absence or less significant symptoms in early stages and social stigma attached to STIs.
118	What complications may arise due to untreated STIs?**	Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility and cancer of the reproductive tract.
119	Why are STIs considered a major threat to society?**	Because they can lead to serious complications and affect reproductive health.
120	Which age group shows the highest incidence of STIs?**	15–24 years.
121	What is the first principle for preventing STIs?**	Avoid sex with unknown or multiple partners.
122	What is the second principle for preventing STIs?**	Always use condoms during coitus.
123	What should be done in case of doubt regarding infection?**	Consult a qualified doctor for early detection and complete treatment.
124	What is infertility?**	The inability to produce children despite unprotected sexual cohabitation.
125	What are the possible causes of infertility?**	Physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological and psychological factors.
126	In India, which partner is often blamed for childlessness?**	The female partner.
127	childlessness - In many cases, where does the problem actually lie?**	In the male partner.
128	Which health centres help in diagnosis and treatment of infertility?**	Specialised health care units or infertility clinics.
129	What are the special techniques used to help infertile couples called?**	Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART).
130	Expand IVF.**	In Vitro Fertilisation.
131	What does IVF mean?**	Fertilisation outside the body under conditions similar to those in the body.
132	Which procedure usually follows IVF?**	Embryo Transfer (ET).
133	What is IVF with embryo transfer popularly known as?**	Test tube baby programme.
134	From whom are ova and sperms collected in the test tube baby programme?**	From the wife/donor and husband/donor respectively.
135	Where is the zygote formed in IVF?**	Under simulated conditions in the laboratory.
136	What is ZIFT?**	Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer.
137	Into which structure are zygotes or embryos with up to 8 blastomeres transferred?**	Fallopian tube (Procedure: ZIFT – zygote intra fallopian transfer).
138	What is IUT?**	Intra Uterine Transfer.
139	Where are embryos with more than 8 blastomeres transferred?**	Into the uterus (Procedure: IUT – intra uterine transfer).
140	Can embryos formed by in vivo fertilisation also be used for transfer?**	Yes, to assist females who cannot conceive.
141	What is GIFT?**	Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer.
142	In GIFT, where is the donor ovum transferred?**	Into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova but can provide a suitable environment for fertilisation and development.
143	Expand ICSI.**	Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
144	What happens in ICSI?**	A sperm is directly injected into the ovum in the laboratory.
145	Which infertility cases can be corrected by Artificial Insemination (AI)?**	Cases due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or very low sperm count.
146	What is Artificial Insemination (AI)?**	Artificial introduction of semen from the husband or a healthy donor into the female reproductive tract.
147	Where can semen be introduced during AI?**	Into the vagina or the uterus.
148	Expand IUI.**	Intra-Uterine Insemination.
149	What does IUI involve?**	Artificial introduction of semen directly into the uterus.
150	What is required for ART procedures?**	Extremely high precision handling by specialised professionals and expensive instrumentation.
151	Why are ART facilities available only in a few centres?**	Because they require specialised expertise and costly equipment.
152	Why are the benefits of ART limited to only a few people?**	Because the procedures are expensive and affordable only to a limited number of people.
153	Which factors act as deterrents to the adoption of ART methods?**	Emotional, religious and social factors.
154	According to the text, what is one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood?**	Legal adoption.
155	Why is legal adoption considered important?**	Because many orphaned and destitute children need care and survival until maturity.
156	What does reproductive health refer to?**	Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
157	What distinction is mentioned about India in relation to reproductive health programmes?**	India was the first nation in the world to initiate various action plans at the national level towards attaining a reproductively healthy society.
158	What is the primary step towards reproductive health?**	Counselling and creating awareness about reproductive organs, adolescence and associated changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, STIs including AIDS, etc.
159	What is another important aspect of Reproductive and Child Health Care programmes?**	Providing medical facilities and care for menstrual irregularities, pregnancy-related aspects, delivery, MTP, STIs, birth control, infertility, post-natal child and maternal management.
160	Which factors indicate overall improvement in reproductive health in India?**	Reduced maternal and infant mortality rates, early detection and cure of STIs, and assistance to infertile couples.
161	What promoted explosive population growth?**	Improved health facilities and better living conditions.
162	Why was intense propagation of contraceptive methods necessary?**	Due to explosive growth of population.
163	Name the various contraceptive options available.**	Natural, traditional, barrier, IUDs, pills, injectables, implants and surgical methods.
164	Why are contraceptives used?**	To avoid pregnancy or to delay or space pregnancy.
165	Is MTP legalised in India?**	Yes, medical termination of pregnancy is legalised in India.
166	Why is MTP generally performed?**	To get rid of unwanted pregnancy due to rapes, casual relationship, etc., or when continuation of pregnancy could be harmful or fatal to the mother or the foetus.
167	What are STIs?**	Infections or diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse.
168	Name some complications caused by STIs.**	Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PIDs), still birth and infertility.
169	Why is early detection of STIs important?**	It facilitates better cure of these diseases.
170	What precautions help prevent STIs?**	* Avoid sexual intercourse with unknown or multiple partners., * Use condoms during coitus.
171	What is infertility?**	Inability to conceive or produce children even after two years of unprotected sexual cohabitation.
172	Which method is commonly known as the 'Test Tube Baby' Programme?**	In vitro fertilisation followed by transfer of embryo into the female genital tract.
173	Can abortions occur spontaneously? (True/False)**	True.
174	Infertility is always due to abnormalities or defects in the female partner. (True/False)**	False.
175	Complete lactation can help as a natural method of contraception. (True/False)**	True.
176	Creating awareness about sex-related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health. (True/False)**	True.
177	Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation. Is this statement correct?**	No. Surgical methods prevent **gamete transport**, not gamete formation.
178	Are all sexually transmitted diseases completely curable?**	No. Not all sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.Hepatitis-B, genital herpes, and HIV infections are not completely curable.
179	In E.T. techniques, are embryos always transferred into the uterus?**	No. Embryos with up to 8 blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT), while those with more than 8 are transferred into the uterus (IUT).