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#	Question	Answer
1	Through which means does each individual leave its progeny?	Each individual leaves its progeny by asexual or sexual means.
2	What attracts humans to flowers according to the text?	Scents, perfumes, rich colours, and beauty of flowers attract humans.
3	According to biologists, what are flowers considered?	Morphological and embryological marvels and the sites of sexual reproduction.
4	What are the male and female reproductive structures in a flower?	Androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).
5	What is the anther?	It is the terminal generally bilobed structure of the stamen.
6	How many microsporangia are present in a typical anther?	Four microsporangia, two in each lobe.
7	Which is the innermost wall layer of the microsporangium?	Tapetum.
8	What is microsporogenesis?	The process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell through meiosis.
9	What are pollen grains?	They represent the male gametophytes.
10	Why is sporopollenin important?	It is one of the most resistant organic materials known.
11	Which membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of the pollen grain?	Plasma membrane.
12	What happens in the 3-celled stage of pollen grains?	The generative cell divides mitotically to form two male gametes before shedding.
13	Which plant families maintain pollen viability for months?	Rosaceae, Leguminoseae, and Solanaceae.
14	What are megasporangia commonly called?	Ovules.
15	What is hilum in an ovule?	The region where the body of the ovule fuses with the funicle.
16	What is the function of nucellus cells?	They contain abundant reserve food materials.
17	Where is the MMC generally located?	In the micropylar region of the nucellus.
18	Which structure develops into the female gametophyte?	The functional megaspore.
19	What is meant by free nuclear divisions in embryo sac formation?	Nuclear divisions not immediately followed by cell wall formation.
20	What is the egg apparatus?	Three cells grouped together at the micropylar end of the embryo sac.
21	What are the three types of pollination based on the source of pollen?	Autogamy, geitonogamy, and xenogamy.
22	Name some plants producing cleistogamous flowers.	Viola, Oxalis, and Commelina.
23	What is xenogamy?	Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a different plant.
24	What type of stigma is commonly found in wind-pollinated flowers?	Large and feathery stigma.
25	Name two freshwater plants pollinated by water.	Vallisneria and Hydrilla.
26	Which animals commonly act as pollinating agents?	Bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, wasps, ants, moths, birds, and bats.
27	What attracts animals to flowers?	Colour and/or fragrance.
28	Which plant has the tallest flower mentioned in the text?	Amorphophallus.
29	How does spatial separation of anther and stigma help prevent autogamy?	It prevents pollen from coming in contact with the stigma of the same flower.
30	Name two monoecious plants mentioned in the text.	Castor and maize.
31	What happens if the pollen is incompatible?	The pistil rejects it by preventing pollen germination or pollen tube growth.
32	What happens to the generative cell in 2-celled pollen grains?	It divides to form two male gametes during pollen tube growth.
33	Why is knowledge of pollen-pistil interaction important to plant breeders?	It helps manipulate incompatible pollinations to obtain desired hybrids.
34	Why must only desired pollen grains be used in hybridisation experiments?	To avoid contamination from unwanted pollen and ensure desired crosses.
35	What material is generally used for bagging?	Butter paper bags.
36	What is syngamy?	Fusion of one male gamete with the egg nucleus to form the zygote.
37	What does the central cell become after triple fusion?	The primary endosperm cell (PEC).
38	What is the function of endosperm tissue?	It stores reserve food materials for the developing embryo.
39	In which seeds is endosperm completely consumed before seed maturation?	Pea, groundnut, and beans.
40	What are the main parts of a typical dicotyledonous embryo?	Embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
41	What covers the root tip in the embryo?	Root cap.
42	What is a seed in angiosperms?	The final product of sexual reproduction and a fertilised ovule.
43	Give examples of non-albuminous seeds.	Pea and groundnut.
44	What do integuments develop into after seed maturation?	Tough protective seed coats.
45	Under what conditions do seeds germinate?	Adequate moisture, oxygen, and suitable temperature.
46	What are false fruits?	Fruits in which thalamus also contributes to fruit formation.
47	How can parthenocarpy be induced?	By application of growth hormones.
48	What protects the young embryo in a seed?	The hard seed coat.
49	What is apomixis?	A form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction and produces seeds without fertilisation.
50	What is polyembryony?	Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.
51	Why is apomixis important in the hybrid seed industry?	It allows farmers to reuse hybrid seeds year after year without buying new seeds.
52	Where do pollen grains develop?	Inside the microsporangia.
53	What is exine made of?	Sporopollenin.
54	Can cross-pollination occur in cleistogamous flowers?	No, because cleistogamous flowers do not open and ensure self-pollination only.
55	How is bagging useful in plant breeding programmes?	It ensures that only desired pollen grains reach the stigma.
56	Differentiate between hypocotyl and epicotyl.	Epicotyl is above the cotyledons and ends in the plumule, while hypocotyl is below the cotyledons and ends in the radicle.
57	What is emasculation?	Removal of anthers from bisexual flowers before dehiscence.