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#	Question	Answer
1	What are the secretions of endocrine glands called?	Hormones.
2	Which gonads are present in males and females?	Testis in males and ovary in females.
3	What is the function of hypothalamic hormones?	They regulate the synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones.
4	What is the function of GnRH?	It stimulates pituitary synthesis and release of gonadotrophins.
5	To which structure is the pituitary gland attached?	Hypothalamus by a stalk.
6	Which hormone is secreted by pars intermedia?	Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
7	What results from low secretion of GH?	Pituitary dwarfism.
8	Why are LH and FSH called gonadotrophins?	Because they stimulate gonadal activity.
9	On which cells does MSH act?	Melanocytes.
10	What is the main action of vasopressin?	It stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by distal tubules of kidney.
11	Which body rhythms are maintained by melatonin?	Sleep-wake cycle and body temperature rhythms.
12	What tissues make up the thyroid gland?	Follicles and stromal tissues.
13	What are some effects of cretinism?	Mental retardation, low IQ, abnormal skin, and deaf-mutism.
14	Which process related to blood cells is supported by thyroid hormones?	Red blood cell formation.
15	Where are the parathyroid glands located?	On the back side of the thyroid gland.
16	Along with which hormone does PTH maintain calcium balance?	Thyrocalcitonin (TCT).
17	What type of immunity is provided by T-lymphocytes?	Cell-mediated immunity.
18	Where are adrenal glands located?	One above each kidney.
19	What are adrenaline and noradrenaline collectively called?	Catecholamines.
20	Into how many layers is the adrenal cortex divided?	Three layers.
21	What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex collectively called?	Corticoids.
22	What metabolic processes are stimulated by glucocorticoids?	Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis.
23	Which blood cell production is stimulated by cortisol?	RBC production.
24	What is the endocrine part of the pancreas called?	Islets of Langerhans.
25	Which hormone is secreted by β-cells?	Insulin.
26	Why is glucagon called a hyperglycemic hormone?	Because it increases blood glucose levels.
27	What condition is produced by insulin activity on blood glucose?	Hypoglycemia.
28	Where are the testes located?	In the scrotal sac outside the abdomen.
29	What secondary sexual characters are stimulated by androgens?	Muscular growth, facial hair, axillary hair, aggressiveness, and low pitch of voice.
30	Which structure secretes estrogen?	Growing ovarian follicles.
31	What is the major role of progesterone?	Supporting pregnancy.
32	When is ANF secreted?	When blood pressure is increased.
33	What is the function of gastrin?	Stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen from gastric glands.
34	What is the function of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)?	It inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
35	What are receptors present on the cell membrane called?	Membrane-bound receptors.
36	What results from hormone-receptor complex formation?	Biochemical changes in the target tissue.
37	Which hormones are classified as iodothyronines?	Thyroid hormones.
38	How do intracellular hormone-receptor complexes affect the genome?	Through interaction with the genome.
39	Which gonads are present in males and females?	Testis in males and ovary in females.
40	Which part of pituitary secretes two hormones?	Pars nervosa (neurohypophysis).
41	What are the major functions of thyroid hormones?	Regulation of basal metabolic rate, CNS development, erythropoiesis, and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
42	What type of immunity is provided by T-lymphocytes?	Cell-mediated immunity.
43	What do mineralocorticoids regulate?	Water and electrolyte balance.
44	Which hormones are secreted by testis?	Androgens.
45	Which hormone is secreted by the atrial wall of the heart?	Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF).
46	What is the collective role of gastrointestinal hormones?	Regulation of digestive juice secretion and aiding digestion.
47	Which gland secretes ACTH (corticotrophin)?	Pituitary gland.
48	Which hormone is called a hypercalcemic hormone?	Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
49	Deficiency of which hormone causes diabetes mellitus?	Insulin.
50	Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex?	ACTH.
51	Which gland secretes GnRH?	Hypothalamus.
52	Which condition results from impaired ADH secretion?	Diabetes insipidus.
53	Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis?	Glucagon.
54	Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?	Erythropoietin.