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#	Question	Answer
1	What is locomotion?	Voluntary movement resulting in a change of place or location.
2	Give examples of locomotory movements.	Walking, running, climbing, flying, and swimming.
3	State the relation between movement and locomotion.	All locomotions are movements, but all movements are not locomotions.
4	What helps in locomotion as well as movement of food in *Paramoecium*?	Cilia.
5	Which structure helps Hydra in capturing prey and locomotion?	Tentacles.
6	Why do animals perform locomotion?	For food, shelter, mate, breeding grounds, favourable climate, or escape from predators.
7	Name the three main types of movements in human body cells.	Amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular movements.
8	Which cells exhibit amoeboid movement in humans?	Macrophages and leucocytes.
9	Amoeboid movement occurs through formation of what structures?	Pseudopodia.
10	Which cytoskeletal elements are involved in amoeboid movement?	Microfilaments.
11	Where does ciliary movement occur in humans?	In internal tubular organs lined by ciliated epithelium.
12	What is the function of cilia in the trachea?	Removal of dust particles and foreign substances.
13	What helps passage of ova through the female reproductive tract?	Ciliary movement.
14	Which movements require muscular movement?	Movements of limbs, jaws, tongue, etc.
15	Which systems coordinate together for locomotion?	Muscular, skeletal, and neural systems.
16	What are cilia and flagella?	Outgrowths of the cell membrane.
17	What is the role of flagellar movement in spermatozoa?	Helps in swimming.
18	Which protist uses flagella for locomotion?	*Euglena*.
19	Muscle tissue is of which origin?	Mesodermal origin.
20	What percentage of body weight in an adult human is contributed by muscles?	About 40 - 50%.
21	Name the special properties of muscles.	Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
22	On what criteria are muscles classified?	Location, appearance, and nature of regulation.
23	Name the three types of muscles based on location.	Skeletal, visceral, and cardiac muscles.
24	Why are skeletal muscles called striated muscles?	Because they show a striped appearance under the microscope.
25	Why are skeletal muscles called voluntary muscles?	Their activities are under voluntary control of the nervous system.
26	What are skeletal muscles mainly involved in?	Locomotion and changes in body posture.
27	Where are visceral muscles located?	In the inner walls of hollow visceral organs.
28	Why are visceral muscles called smooth muscles?	Because they do not show striations.
29	Why are visceral muscles called involuntary muscles?	Their activities are not under voluntary nervous control.
30	Give one function of visceral muscles.	Transportation of food through the digestive tract.
31	What transports gametes through the genital tract?	Visceral muscles.
32	Which muscles are present in the heart?	Cardiac muscles.
33	What is the arrangement pattern of cardiac muscle cells?	Branching pattern.
34	Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?	Involuntary.
35	Why are cardiac muscles considered striated?	Because they show striations in appearance.
36	What is fascia?	A common collagenous connective tissue layer holding muscle bundles together.
37	What are muscle bundles also called?	Fascicles.
38	What does each muscle bundle contain?	Muscle fibres.
39	What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fibre called?	Sarcolemma.
40	What is the cytoplasm of a muscle fibre called?	Sarcoplasm.
41	Why is a muscle fibre called a syncitium?	Because its sarcoplasm contains many nuclei.
42	What is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibres?	Storage of calcium ions.
43	What are myofibrils or myofilaments?	Parallelly arranged filaments present in the sarcoplasm.
44	Why do skeletal muscles appear striated?	Due to alternate dark and light bands in myofibrils.
45	Which proteins are responsible for striated appearance of myofibrils?	Actin and Myosin.
46	What does the I-band contain?	Actin.
47	What is another name for the I-band?	Isotropic band.
48	What does the A-band contain?	Myosin.
49	What is another name for the A-band?	Anisotropic band.
50	Which filaments are called thin filaments?	Actin filaments.
51	Which filaments are called thick filaments?	Myosin filaments.
52	What is the Z-line?	An elastic fibre present in the centre of each I-band.
53	To which structure are thin filaments attached?	Z-line.
54	What is the M-line?	A thin fibrous membrane holding thick filaments together in the middle of the A-band.
55	What is a sarcomere?	The portion of a myofibril between two successive Z-lines.
56	What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?	Sarcomere.
57	What happens between thin and thick filaments in resting state?	Thin filaments partially overlap the free ends of thick filaments.
58	What is the H-zone?	Central part of thick filament not overlapped by thin filaments.
59	How are actin and myosin filaments arranged?	Parallel to each other and to the longitudinal axis of myofibrils.
60	Which band is bisected by the Z-line?	I-band.
61	Which bands are arranged alternately throughout myofibrils?	A-bands and I-bands.
62	Which structure in muscle fibre stores calcium ions essential for contraction?	Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
63	What are the two main contractile proteins in muscles?	Actin and myosin.
64	How is each actin (thin) filament formed?	By two helically wound F-actins.
65	What is F-actin?	Filamentous actin.
66	Each F-actin is a polymer of which monomer?	G-actin (Globular actin).
67	Which protein runs close to F-actin throughout its length?	Tropomyosin.
68	Which complex protein is distributed at regular intervals on tropomyosin?	Troponin.
69	What is the function of troponin in resting muscle?	Masks active binding sites for myosin on actin filaments.
70	What are thick filaments made of?	Polymerised myosin proteins.
71	What are the monomeric proteins of myosin called?	Meromyosins.
72	Name the two important parts of meromyosin.	Head with short arm and tail.
73	What is the head and short arm of meromyosin called?	Heavy meromyosin (HMM).
74	What is the tail portion of meromyosin called?	Light meromyosin (LMM).
75	What are cross arms in myosin filaments?	Outward projections of HMM heads and short arms.
76	Which enzyme activity is present in the myosin head?	ATPase activity.
77	What binding sites are present on the globular head of myosin?	ATP binding sites and actin binding sites.
78	Which theory explains muscle contraction?	Sliding filament theory.
79	What does sliding filament theory state?	Muscle contraction occurs by sliding of thin filaments over thick filaments.
80	What initiates muscle contraction?	Signal sent by CNS through a motor neuron.
81	What is a motor unit?	A motor neuron and the muscle fibres connected to it.
82	What is the junction between motor neuron and sarcolemma called?	Neuromuscular junction or motor-end plate.
83	Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?	Acetylcholine.
84	What does acetylcholine generate in the sarcolemma?	Action potential.
85	What causes release of calcium ions into sarcoplasm?	Spread of action potential through muscle fibre.
86	Calcium ions bind with which protein during contraction?	Troponin.
87	What happens when calcium binds to troponin?	Active sites for myosin on actin become exposed.
88	What provides energy for cross-bridge formation?	ATP hydrolysis.
89	What is a cross bridge?	Binding of myosin head to exposed active sites on actin.
90	In which direction are actin filaments pulled during contraction?	Towards the centre of the A-band.
91	What causes shortening of sarcomere?	Inward pulling of Z-lines due to sliding of actin filaments.
92	Which band decreases in length during muscle contraction?	I-band.
93	Which band retains its length during muscle contraction?	A-band.
94	What happens after ADP and Pi are released from myosin head?	Myosin returns to relaxed state.
95	What breaks the cross bridge after contraction?	Binding of a new ATP molecule to myosin head.
96	What repeats during continued muscle contraction?	Cross-bridge formation and breakage cycle.
97	What happens when Ca++ ions are pumped back into sarcoplasmic cisternae?	Actin filaments become masked, leading to muscle relaxation.
98	What happens to the Z-lines during muscle relaxation?	They return to their original position.
99	What causes muscle fatigue?	Accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic breakdown of glycogen.
100	What is myoglobin?	A red coloured oxygen-storing pigment in muscles.
101	Which muscle fibres contain high amounts of myoglobin?	Red fibres.
102	Why do red muscle fibres appear reddish?	Due to high myoglobin content.
103	Why are red muscle fibres called aerobic muscles?	They contain many mitochondria and utilise oxygen for ATP production.
104	Which muscle fibres contain fewer mitochondria and less myoglobin?	White fibres.
105	Why do white muscle fibres appear pale or whitish?	Due to very low myoglobin content.
106	Which process do white muscle fibres depend on for energy?	Anaerobic process.
107	Which component is highly developed in white muscle fibres?	Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
108	What constitutes the skeletal system?	Framework of bones and a few cartilages.
109	What is the role of the skeletal system in the body?	Helps in movement of the body.
110	What type of connective tissue is bone?	Specialised connective tissue.
111	Why is bone matrix hard?	Due to calcium salts.
112	Why is cartilage slightly pliable?	Due to chondroitin salts.
113	How many bones are present in the human skeletal system?	206 bones.
114	Into which two divisions is the human skeletal system grouped?	Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
115	How many bones are present in the axial skeleton?	80 bones.
116	Which structures form the axial skeleton?	Skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs.
117	How many bones are present in the human skull?	22 bones.
118	Into which two sets are skull bones divided?	Cranial bones and facial bones.
119	How many cranial bones are present in the skull?	8 cranial bones.
120	What is the function of cranial bones?	Form the cranium that protects the brain.
121	How many skeletal elements form the facial region?	14 skeletal elements.
122	Which bone is present at the base of the buccal cavity?	Hyoid bone.
123	Name the three ear ossicles.	Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.
124	What are ear ossicles?	Three tiny bones present in each middle ear.
125	With which structures does the skull articulate?	Superior region of the vertebral column through occipital condyles.
126	What type of skull is the human skull?	Dicondylic skull.
127	How many vertebrae form the vertebral column in humans?	26 vertebrae.
128	Where is the vertebral column located?	Dorsally placed along the main axis of the body.
129	From where does the vertebral column extend?	From the base of the skull.
130	What is the hollow central portion of a vertebra called?	Neural canal.
131	Which structure passes through the neural canal?	Spinal cord.
132	What is the first vertebra called?	Atlas.
133	Atlas articulates with which structures?	Occipital condyles.
134	Name the regions of the vertebral column.	Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
135	How many cervical vertebrae are present in humans?	7.
136	How many thoracic vertebrae are present in humans?	12.
137	How many lumbar vertebrae are present in humans?	5.
138	How many sacral vertebrae are present in humans?	1 fused sacral vertebra.
139	How many coccygeal vertebrae are present in humans?	1 fused coccygeal vertebra.
140	What are the functions of the vertebral column?	Protects spinal cord, supports the head, and provides attachment for ribs and back muscles.
141	What is the sternum?	A flat bone present on the ventral midline of thorax.
142	How many pairs of ribs are present in humans?	12 pairs.
143	Why are ribs called bicephalic?	Because each rib has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end.
144	Which ribs are called true ribs?	First seven pairs of ribs.
145	How are true ribs connected ventrally?	To the sternum by hyaline cartilage.
146	Which ribs are called vertebrochondral or false ribs?	8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs.
147	Why are the 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs called false ribs?	They do not directly articulate with the sternum.
148	Which ribs are called floating ribs?	11th and 12th pairs.
149	Why are floating ribs called so?	They are not connected ventrally.
150	Which structures together form the rib cage?	Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
151	What forms the appendicular skeleton?	Bones of limbs and girdles.
152	How many bones are present in each limb?	30 bones.
153	Name the bones of the forelimb.	Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
154	How many carpals are present in the hand?	8.
155	How many metacarpals are present in the hand?	5.
156	How many phalanges are present in the hand?	14.
157	Name the bones of the hind limb.	Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
158	Which is the longest bone in the human body?	Femur.
159	How many tarsals are present in the ankle?	7.
160	What is the patella?	A cup-shaped bone covering the knee ventrally.
161	What is another name for patella?	Knee cap.
162	What is the function of girdles in the body?	They help articulate limbs with the axial skeleton.
163	Which girdle articulates the upper limbs with the axial skeleton?	Pectoral girdle.
164	Which girdle articulates the lower limbs with the axial skeleton?	Pelvic girdle.
165	Which bones form each half of the pectoral girdle?	Clavicle and scapula.
166	What type of bone is the scapula?	Large triangular flat bone.
167	Where is the scapula located?	Dorsal part of thorax between second and seventh ribs.
168	What is the elevated ridge on scapula called?	Spine.
169	What is the expanded process projecting from the spine of scapula called?	Acromion.
170	What is the glenoid cavity?	Depression on scapula articulating with humerus.
171	Which joint is formed by glenoid cavity and humerus?	Shoulder joint.
172	What is another name for clavicle?	Collar bone.
173	Which bones fuse to form each coxal bone?	Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
174	What is acetabulum?	Cavity where thigh bone articulates.
175	What forms the pubic symphysis?	Ventral meeting of the two halves of pelvic girdle with fibrous cartilage.
176	Why are joints essential in the body?	They are essential for all types of movements involving bony parts.
177	What are joints?	Points of contact between bones or between bones and cartilages.
178	What acts as a fulcrum during movement?	Joint.
179	Name the three major structural forms of joints.	Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
180	Do fibrous joints allow movement?	No.
181	Which type of joint is present between flat skull bones?	Fibrous joint.
182	What are sutures?	Dense fibrous connective tissues joining skull bones.
183	How are bones joined in cartilaginous joints?	With the help of cartilage.
184	Which type of joint is present between adjacent vertebrae?	Cartilaginous joint.
185	What type of movement is permitted by cartilaginous joints?	Limited movement.
186	What is the characteristic feature of synovial joints?	Presence of fluid-filled synovial cavity.
187	Which joints allow considerable movement?	Synovial joints.
188	Which joint is present between humerus and pectoral girdle?	Ball and socket joint.
189	Which type of joint is the knee joint?	Hinge joint.
190	Which type of joint is present between atlas and axis?	Pivot joint.
191	Which type of joint is present between carpals?	Gliding joint.
192	Which type of joint is present between carpal and metacarpal of thumb?	Saddle joint.
193	What is Myasthenia gravis?	Autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to muscle fatigue, weakness, and paralysis.
194	What is muscular dystrophy?	Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles due to genetic disorder.
195	What is tetany?	Rapid spasms in muscles due to low Ca++ in body fluids.
196	What is arthritis?	Inflammation of joints.
197	What is osteoporosis?	Age-related disorder with decreased bone mass and increased fracture chances.
198	What is a common cause of osteoporosis?	Decreased estrogen levels.
199	What is gout?	Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals.
200	What is locomotion?	Voluntary movement causing change in place.
201	Name the three types of movements shown by human body cells.	Amoeboid, ciliary, and muscular movements.
202	Which muscles are attached to skeletal elements?	Skeletal muscles.
203	What type of muscles are visceral muscles?	Nonstriated and involuntary muscles.
204	What are the characteristics of cardiac muscles?	Striated, branched, and involuntary.
205	Name the special properties of muscles.	Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
206	What is the anatomical unit of muscle?	Muscle fibre.
207	What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?	Sarcomere.
208	Which band of sarcomere contains thick myosin filaments?	A-band.
209	Which band of sarcomere contains thin actin filaments?	I-band.
210	Which protein masks active sites for myosin on resting actin filaments?	Troponin.
211	What is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum during muscle contraction?	Ca++ ions.
212	What causes actin filaments to slide over myosin filaments?	Formation of cross bridges by myosin heads.
213	What leads to muscle relaxation after contraction?	Return of Ca++ ions to sarcoplasmic reticulum.
214	On what basis are muscles classified as red and white fibres?	Amount of myoglobin pigment.
215	Which structures form the axial skeleton?	Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
216	Which structures form the appendicular skeleton?	Limb bones and girdles.
217	Which type of joints play a significant role in locomotion?	Synovial joints.
218	What does the H-zone of a striated muscle fibre represent?	Central part of thick filament not overlapped by thin filament.
219	Which filament contains actin?	Thin filament.
220	How many bones are present in the human skeleton?	206 bones.
221	How many pairs of ribs are present in humans?	12 pairs.
222	On which side of the body is the sternum present?	Ventral side.
223	Which protein forms the thin filament?	Actin.
224	Which protein forms the thick filament?	Myosin.
225	Which muscles contain more myoglobin?	Red muscles.
226	Which muscles contain less myoglobin?	White muscles.
227	Which girdle articulates the upper limb with the axial skeleton?	Pectoral girdle.
228	Which girdle articulates the lower limb with the axial skeleton?	Pelvic girdle.
229	Which type of movement is shown by macrophages and leucocytes?	Amoeboid movement.
230	Which type of movement helps remove dust particles from trachea?	Ciliary movement.
231	Which type of movement is required for movement of limbs and jaws?	Muscular movement.
232	Which type of muscle is skeletal muscle?	Striated and voluntary muscle.
233	Which type of muscle is cardiac muscle?	Striated and involuntary muscle.
234	Which type of joint is present between atlas and axis?	Pivot joint.
235	Which type of joint is present between carpal and metacarpal of thumb?	Saddle joint.
236	Which type of joint is present between phalanges?	Synovial joint (Hinge joint is the specific type, but the text only explicitly links hinge to the knee).
237	Which type of joint is present between femur and acetabulum?	Ball and socket joint.
238	Which type of joint is present between cranial bones?	Fibrous joint.
239	Which type of joint is present between pubic bones of pelvic girdle?	Cartilaginous joint. Pubic symphysis (containing fibrous cartilage).
240	How many cervical vertebrae are present in most mammals?	Seven.
241	How many phalanges are present in each limb of humans?	14.
242	Name the two proteins present along with F-actin in thin filament.	F-actin, Tropomyosin, and Troponin.
243	Where are Ca++ ions stored in muscle fibres?	Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
244	Which pairs of ribs are floating ribs?	11th and 12th pairs.
245	How many bones form the human cranium?	8 bones.