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#	Question	Answer
1	Which nitrogenous waste requires a large amount of water for elimination?	Ammonia.
2	Do kidneys play a significant role in ammonia removal in ammonotelic animals?	No, kidneys do not play any significant role.
3	Why is some amount of urea retained in the kidney matrix in some animals?	To maintain desired osmolarity.
4	Which excretory structures are present in earthworms and other annelids?	Nephridia.
5	What are the components of the human excretory system?	A pair of kidneys, one pair of ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.
6	What is hilum in the kidney?	A notch on the inner concave surface through which ureter, blood vessels, and nerves enter.
7	What are Columns of Bertini?	Renal columns formed by cortex extending between medullary pyramids.
8	Which vessel carries blood away from the glomerulus?	Efferent arteriole.
9	What is the glomerulus?	A tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole.
10	Which parts of the nephron are located in the cortical region of the kidney?	Malpighian corpuscle, PCT, and DCT.
11	What is vasa recta?	A minute U-shaped vessel running parallel to the loop of Henle.
12	How much blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute on average?	1100 - 1200 mL per minute.
13	What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?	The amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute.
14	What is the role of renin released by JG cells?	It stimulates glomerular blood flow and restores GFR to normal.
15	Why is tubular secretion important?	It helps maintain ionic and acid-base balance of body fluids.
16	Which ions are selectively secreted by the DCT?	Hydrogen ions and potassium ions.
17	Which substances mainly create the medullary osmotic gradient?	NaCl and urea.
18	How concentrated can human urine become compared to the initial filtrate?	Nearly four times more concentrated.
19	What is the role of ADH in the nephron?	Facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule.
20	What activates JG cells to release renin?	Fall in glomerular blood flow, glomerular blood pressure, or GFR.
21	Which gland is activated by angiotensin II?	Adrenal cortex.
22	How does ANF affect blood pressure?	It decreases blood pressure.
23	Which receptors send signals to the CNS during bladder filling?	Stretch receptors present on the bladder wall.
24	What is the pH of normal urine?	Slightly acidic, around pH 6.0.
25	Other than kidneys, which organs help in excretion?	Lungs, liver, and skin.
26	What substances are present in sweat?	NaCl, small amounts of urea, lactic acid, etc.
27	What is uremia?	Accumulation of urea in blood due to kidney malfunction.
28	What type of tube is present in the artificial kidney?	Coiled cellophane tube.
29	What is the ultimate method for correction of acute renal failure?	Kidney transplantation.
30	What are the major nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals?	Ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
31	What are the two portions of a nephron?	Glomerulus and renal tubule.
32	What force drives glomerular filtration?	Glomerular capillary blood pressure.
33	Which part of the nephron is the major site of reabsorption and selective secretion?	Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
34	What is micturition?	Release of urine through the urethra.
35	Which chordate animal has flame cells as excretory structures?	Amphioxus.