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#	Question	Answer
1	Which other body fluid helps in transport of certain substances besides blood?	Lymph.
2	What percentage of plasma is made up of proteins?	6 - 8%.
3	Which nutrients are present in plasma in transit?	Glucose, amino acids, and lipids.
4	Where are RBCs formed in adults?	Red bone marrow.
5	What is the average lifespan of RBCs?	120 days.
6	What are the two major types of lymphocytes?	B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
7	What happens when platelet count decreases?	It leads to clotting disorders and excessive loss of blood.
8	Which antigens are present on RBCs of blood group B?	Antigen B.
9	Which blood group is called the universal recipient?	Blood group AB.
10	Why should Rh groups be matched before blood transfusion?	To avoid antibody formation against Rh antigens.
11	What is a blood clot mainly made of?	A network of fibrin threads trapping dead and damaged blood cells.
12	Which ions play an important role in blood clotting?	Calcium ions.
13	Through which fluid does exchange of nutrients and gases occur between blood and cells?	Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid).
14	Besides immunity, what is another function of lymph?	Transport of nutrients and hormones.
15	Which animals possess a closed circulatory system?	Annelids and chordates.
16	Which animals possess a four-chambered heart?	Crocodiles, birds, and mammals.
17	What is double circulation?	Presence of two separate circulatory pathways without mixing of blood.
18	Where is the human heart located?	In the thoracic cavity between the lungs, slightly tilted to the left.
19	Name the upper chambers of the heart.	Atria.
20	Which valve guards the opening between right atrium and right ventricle?	Tricuspid valve.
21	Which chambers of the heart have thicker walls?	Ventricles.
22	Through which septum does the AV bundle pass?	Atrio-ventricular septum.
23	How many action potentials can SAN generate per minute?	70 - 75 per minute.
24	Which valves remain closed during joint diastole?	Semilunar valves.
25	What transmits impulses throughout ventricular musculature?	Bundle of His.
26	What happens during ventricular diastole?	Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure falls.
27	What is the duration of one cardiac cycle?	0.8 seconds.
28	Why is cardiac output higher in athletes?	Due to higher stroke volume and/or heart rate.
29	What do the peaks labeled P to T in an ECG represent?	Specific electrical activities of the heart.
30	What marks the beginning of systole in ECG?	Contraction shortly after the Q wave.
31	Why is ECG clinically important?	It helps detect abnormalities and diseases of the heart.
32	In which blood vessels is the tunica media comparatively thin?	Veins.
33	Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium?	Pulmonary veins.
34	What substances are supplied to tissues through systemic circulation?	Nutrients, oxygen, and other essential substances.
35	Why is the heart called myogenic?	Because its activities are auto-regulated by specialised muscles (nodal tissue).
36	Which hormones can increase cardiac output?	Adrenal medullary hormones.
37	Which organs are affected by high blood pressure?	Heart, brain, and kidney.
38	What is the main symptom of angina?	Acute chest pain due to insufficient oxygen reaching heart muscles.
39	Why is heart failure called congestive heart failure?	Because congestion of lungs is one of its main symptoms.
40	Which fluid besides blood helps in transport of substances?	Lymph (tissue fluid).
41	On what basis are human blood groups classified into A, B, AB, and O?	Presence or absence of A and B antigens on RBCs.
42	How many atria and ventricles are present in the human heart?	Two atria and two ventricles.
43	What is diastole?	Relaxation phase of atria and ventricles.
44	Name the two circulatory pathways in complete double circulation.	Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.