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#	Question	Answer
1	What is the most commonly used body fluid for transport in higher organisms?	Blood.
2	What percentage of plasma is water?	90 - 92%.
3	What is the function of albumins?	They help in osmotic balance.
4	Which blood cells are the most abundant?	Erythrocytes or RBCs.
5	What is the major function of haemoglobin?	Transport of respiratory gases.
6	What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?	20 - 25%.
7	What is the major function of platelets?	They release substances involved in coagulation or clotting of blood.
8	What natural antibodies are present in blood group A?	Anti-B antibodies.
9	Why is blood group O called the universal donor?	Because it can be donated to persons with any blood group.
10	What are Rh negative individuals?	Individuals lacking Rh antigen on RBCs.
11	What is coagulation or clotting of blood?	A mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood after injury or trauma.
12	What activates the mechanism of coagulation after injury?	Factors released by platelets and injured tissues.
13	What is the mineral composition of tissue fluid compared to plasma?	It has the same mineral distribution as plasma.
14	What is the role of lymphocytes in lymph?	They are responsible for immune responses.
15	What are sinuses in open circulatory system?	Open spaces or body cavities into which blood is pumped.
16	Which vertebrates have a three-chambered heart?	Amphibians and most reptiles except crocodiles.
17	Which animals show incomplete double circulation?	Amphibians and reptiles.
18	From which germ layer is the heart derived?	Mesoderm.
19	How many chambers are present in the human heart?	Four chambers.
20	What separates atrium and ventricle of the same side?	Atrio-ventricular septum.
21	Which type of muscles make up the heart?	Cardiac muscles.
22	What is the AV bundle?	A bundle of nodal fibres continuing from the AVN.
23	Which part of the nodal system generates maximum action potentials?	Sino-atrial node (SAN).
24	Which valves remain open during joint diastole?	Tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
25	How is the action potential conducted to the ventricles?	Through AVN and AV bundle.
26	Why do semilunar valves open?	Due to further increase in ventricular pressure.
27	How many cardiac cycles occur per minute in a healthy heart?	About 72 cardiac cycles.
28	What is the average cardiac output in a healthy individual?	About 5000 mL or 5 litres per minute.
29	Why are multiple leads attached to the chest region during ECG?	For detailed evaluation of heart function.
30	What is initiated by the QRS complex?	Ventricular contraction.
31	What does deviation from normal ECG shape indicate?	Possible abnormality or disease.
32	What forms the tunica externa?	Fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres.
33	Where is blood oxygenated in pulmonary circulation?	Lungs.
34	Which vessels collect deoxygenated blood from tissues?	Venules, veins, and vena cava.
35	What is the coronary system?	Special blood vessel system supplying blood to cardiac musculature.
36	What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves on the heart?	Decrease heart rate, conduction speed, and cardiac output.
37	At what blood pressure is a person considered hypertensive?	140/90 or higher.
38	What is angina also called?	Angina pectoris.
39	What is another name for heart failure?	Congestive heart failure.
40	What is the function of blood in vertebrates?	Transport essential substances and carry waste substances.
41	What are platelets also called?	Thrombocytes.
42	What are the components of the human circulatory system?	Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
43	What is systole?	Contraction phase of atria and ventricles.
44	What is electrocardiogram (ECG)?	Recording of electrical activity of the heart obtained using an electrocardiograph.