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#	Question	Answer
1	Who was Alfonso Corti?	Alfonso Corti was an Italian anatomist born in 1822.
2	What approach resulted in the increasing use of physico-chemical concepts and techniques in biology?	The reductionist approach to the study of life forms.
3	What is another common term for breathing?	Respiration.
4	Which respiratory organs are used by most aquatic arthropods and molluscs?	Gills (branchial respiration).
5	Which amphibian mentioned in the text performs cutaneous respiration?	Frog.
6	Why is the larynx called the sound box?	Because it helps in sound production.
7	What are alveoli?	Thin, irregular-walled, vascularised bag-like structures formed from terminal bronchioles.
8	Which pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracic lining?	Outer pleural membrane.
9	Besides transporting air, what other functions are performed by the conducting part?	Clearing foreign particles, humidifying air, and bringing air to body temperature.
10	What forms the lateral boundary of the thoracic chamber?	Ribs.
11	What happens during inspiration?	Atmospheric air is drawn into the lungs.
12	Which muscles help generate pressure gradients during breathing?	Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
13	Why does air enter the lungs during inspiration?	Due to lower intra-pulmonary pressure than atmospheric pressure.
14	What is the average breathing rate of a healthy human?	12 - 16 times per minute.
15	How much air can a healthy man inspire or expire per minute during normal breathing?	Approximately 6000 to 8000 mL.
16	What is Residual Volume (RV)?	Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration.
17	Which volumes make up Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?	Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV).
18	What is Vital Capacity (VC)?	Maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
19	What is another expression for Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?	Vital Capacity + Residual Volume.
20	What is partial pressure?	Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases.
21	What forms the basement substance in the diffusion membrane?	Thin basement membrane supporting squamous epithelium and basement membrane surrounding endothelial cells.
22	What compound is formed when oxygen binds with haemoglobin?	Oxyhaemoglobin.
23	Where else besides RBCs is carbonic anhydrase present?	In minute quantities in plasma.
24	In which brain region is the pneumotaxic centre located?	Pons region.
25	What is one major cause of emphysema?	Cigarette smoking.
26	What occurs during inspiration?	Atmospheric air is taken in.
27	What is the significance of spirometry?	It has clinical significance.
28	What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried as carbamino-haemoglobin?	20 - 25%.
29	What happens after long exposure to excessive dust in industries?	Inflammation leading to fibrosis and serious lung damage.
30	What is the site of gaseous exchange in insects?	Tracheal tubes.