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#	Question	Answer
1	What happens during photosynthesis?	Light energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates like glucose, sucrose, and starch.
2	Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotes?	Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
3	Can proteins and fats act as respiratory substrates?	Yes, proteins, fats, and even organic acids can be used under certain conditions.
4	Which structures help gaseous exchange in plants?	Stomata and lenticels help gaseous exchange.
5	What is the role of dead interior cells in stems?	They mainly provide mechanical support.
6	What are facultative anaerobes?	Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen.
7	Where does glycolysis occur?	Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
8	What is the role of cells in the interior of stems?	Interior cells are dead and provide mechanical support.
9	Why do some organisms perform respiration without oxygen?	Some organisms are adapted to anaerobic conditions where oxygen is unavailable.
10	What is another name for glycolysis?	EMP pathway.
11	Which enzyme converts sucrose into glucose and fructose?	Invertase.
12	Into which compounds does fructose-1,6-bisphosphate split?	Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).
13	What is the key product of glycolysis?	Pyruvic acid.
14	Which enzymes catalyse alcoholic fermentation?	Pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.
15	Why are fermentation processes considered hazardous?	Because acid or alcohol is produced.
16	What is the second crucial event in aerobic respiration?	Electrons removed from hydrogen atoms are passed to molecular oxygen with simultaneous ATP synthesis.
17	How many NADH molecules are produced from two pyruvic acid molecules?	Two molecules of NADH.
18	What happens to succinyl-CoA in the remaining steps of the citric acid cycle?	It is oxidised to oxaloacetic acid (OAA).
19	How many ATP molecules are directly synthesised in the TCA cycle?	Two ATP molecules.
20	What is the reduced form of ubiquinone called?	Ubiquinol.
21	Which complex is responsible for ATP synthesis in ETS?	ATP synthase (Complex V).
22	Why is ATP formation during respiration called oxidative phosphorylation?	Because energy from oxidation-reduction reactions is utilised for phosphorylation.
23	What assumption is made regarding NADH produced during glycolysis?	It is transferred into mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.
24	What is the net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?	38 ATP molecules.
25	Into which compounds are fats broken before respiration?	Glycerol and fatty acids.
26	Why was respiration traditionally considered a catabolic process?	Because it involves breakdown of substrates.
27	What is another name for respiratory quotient?	Respiratory ratio.
28	What is the RQ value of tripalmitin?	Approximately 0.7.
29	What is cellular respiration?	Breaking of C - C bonds of complex organic molecules by oxidation to release energy.
30	What determines the fate of pyruvate?	Availability of oxygen and the organism.
31	Where is the Electron Transport System located?	On the inner membrane of mitochondria.
32	What happens to electrons as they move through the ETS?	They release energy that is trapped to synthesise ATP.
33	Differentiate between aerobic respiration and fermentation.	Aerobic respiration completely oxidises glucose in the presence of oxygen, while fermentation causes partial breakdown under anaerobic conditions.
34	Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.	Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
35	What is the RQ value for fats?	Less than 1 (approximately 0.7).