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#	Question	Answer
1	What is the source of energy for all life processes?	Energy is obtained by oxidation of macromolecules called food.
2	What are saprophytes dependent on?	Saprophytes like fungi depend on dead and decaying matter.
3	What are respiratory substrates?	Compounds oxidised during respiration are called respiratory substrates.
4	What is the role of carbon skeletons produced during respiration?	They act as precursors for biosynthesis of other molecules.
5	How are living cells arranged in thick stems?	Living cells occur in thin layers inside and beneath the bark.
6	Why is glucose oxidised in several small steps in respiration?	To couple released energy with ATP synthesis instead of losing it as heat.
7	Who proposed the scheme of glycolysis?	Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas.
8	Where are living cells located in thick woody stems?	They are organised in thin layers inside and beneath the bark.
9	Why is glucose oxidised in several small steps during respiration?	So that released energy can be coupled with ATP synthesis instead of being lost as heat.
10	What is glycolysis?	Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid without the help of oxygen.
11	What is the end product of glycolysis?	Two molecules of pyruvic acid.
12	How many reactions occur in glycolysis?	Ten enzyme-controlled reactions.
13	During which conversion is ATP synthesised from BPGA?	During conversion of BPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
14	Under what conditions does fermentation occur?	Fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions.
15	Which enzyme converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid in muscles?	Lactate dehydrogenase.
16	Which type of respiration is most common in higher organisms?	Aerobic respiration.
17	What happens to pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix?	It undergoes oxidative decarboxylation.
18	What happens to citrate after its formation in the TCA cycle?	It is isomerised to isocitrate.
19	How is ATP synthesised from GTP in the TCA cycle?	GTP is converted to GDP with simultaneous synthesis of ATP from ADP.
20	Which enzyme oxidises NADH in the ETS?	NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I).
21	What does Complex IV refer to?	Cytochrome c oxidase complex.
22	What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?	Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor.
23	Why is calculation of ATP gain from glucose considered theoretical?	Because it is based on assumptions that are not fully valid in living systems.
24	Why are the assumptions of ATP calculation not completely valid in living systems?	Because all pathways work simultaneously and substrates are continuously added or withdrawn.
25	Which substrate is favoured for respiration?	Glucose.
26	Which enzymes degrade proteins during respiration?	Proteases.
27	What is catabolism?	Breakdown processes within a living organism.
28	What is the RQ value when fats are used as respiratory substrates?	Less than 1.
29	Which structures allow gaseous exchange in plants?	Stomata and lenticels.
30	Where does the initial stage of cellular respiration occur?	In the cytoplasm.
31	When does aerobic respiration occur in eukaryotic organisms?	In the presence of oxygen.
32	Why is the respiratory pathway called amphibolic?	Because it involves both anabolism and catabolism.
33	On what does the respiratory quotient depend?	The type of respiratory substance used during respiration.
34	What is glycolysis?	Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm.
35	What assumptions are made while calculating net ATP gain?	Sequential functioning of pathways, transfer of NADH into mitochondria, no withdrawal of intermediates, and only glucose acting as substrate.