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#	Question	Answer
1	What created a sense of mystery around physiological and behavioural processes?	The requirement of integrity of cellular organisation for living phenomena to be demonstrated or observed.
2	What is Reductionist Biology?	The physico-chemical approach used to study and understand living organisms.
3	What are unicellular organisms?	Organisms composed of a single cell.
4	What advancement revealed the structural details of the cell?	The invention and improvement of the microscope leading to the electron microscope.
5	What hypothesis did Schwann propose regarding plants and animals?	That the bodies of plants and animals are composed of cells and products of cells.
6	State the second principle of modern cell theory.	All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
7	What do chromosomes contain?	Genetic material (DNA).
8	Name the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells besides the nucleus.	Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles.
9	What is the largest isolated single cell mentioned?	Egg of an ostrich.
10	How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells in size and multiplication?	They are generally smaller and multiply more rapidly.
11	What is the shape of spirillum bacteria?	Spiral-shaped.
12	What is the genomic DNA in prokaryotes?	A single chromosome or circular DNA.
13	Which organelles are found in prokaryotic cells?	Ribosomes.
14	On what basis are bacteria classified as Gram positive and Gram negative?	On the basis of differences in cell envelopes and response to Gram staining.
15	What is a capsule in bacteria?	A thick and tough form of glycocalyx.
16	How are mesosomes formed?	By extensions of plasma membrane into the cell.
17	Which part of the bacterial flagellum is the longest?	Filament.
18	What is a major feature of eukaryotic cells?	Extensive compartmentalisation of cytoplasm through membrane-bound organelles.
19	Which structures are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?	Cell wall, plastids and a large central vacuole.
20	Which organelle is responsible for packaging and secretion in cells?	Golgi apparatus.
21	What is the outer living boundary of the cell?	Plasma membrane.
22	Which projection-like structures are shown in the animal cell diagram?	Microvilli.
23	Which type of cell contains plastids?	Plant cells and euglenoides.
24	Which lipids are major components of the plasma membrane?	Phospholipids.
25	Besides lipids, what other major biomolecules are present in the membrane?	Proteins and carbohydrates.
26	What are peripheral proteins?	Proteins lying on the surface of the membrane.
27	What is meant by membrane fluidity?	The ability of proteins to move laterally within the lipid bilayer.
28	Define concentration gradient.	Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration.
29	In active transport, molecules move from which concentration to which concentration?	From lower concentration to higher concentration.
30	What is the primary wall?	The cell wall of a young plant cell capable of growth.
31	Which organelles together form the endomembrane system?	Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles.
32	What is rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?	ER with ribosomes attached to its outer surface.
33	Which substances are synthesised in SER of animal cells?	Lipid-like steroidal hormones.
34	What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus?	Cis (forming) face and trans (maturing) face.
35	Why does Golgi apparatus remain closely associated with ER?	Because materials from ER are modified and packaged in Golgi bodies.
36	Name the types of hydrolases present in lysosomes.	Lipases, proteases and carbohydrases.
37	What is the membrane surrounding the vacuole called?	Tonoplast.
38	How are food vacuoles formed in protists?	By engulfing food particles.
39	What are the two aqueous compartments of mitochondria?	Outer compartment and inner compartment.
40	What genetic material is present inside mitochondria?	Single circular DNA molecule.
41	Why do plastids impart colour to plants?	Because they contain specific pigments.
42	Which colours are imparted by chromoplasts?	Yellow, orange or red.
43	What do aleuroplasts store?	Proteins.
44	Are chloroplasts single or double membrane-bound?	Double membrane-bound.
45	What are stroma lamellae?	Flat membranous tubules connecting thylakoids of different grana.
46	What is the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes in eukaryotes?	80S.
47	What are the subunits of 80S ribosomes?	60S and 40S.
48	What are cilia and flagella?	Hair-like outgrowths of the cell membrane.
49	Are bacterial flagella structurally similar to eukaryotic flagella?	No, they are structurally different.
50	What connects the central tubules in cilia and flagella?	Bridges.
51	From which structure do cilia and flagella arise?	Basal bodies.
52	Which organisation pattern is shown by centrioles?	Cartwheel organisation.
53	What connects the hub to peripheral triplets?	Radial spokes made of protein.
54	What is the nuclear envelope made of?	Two parallel membranes.
55	What is present on the outer nuclear membrane?	Ribosomes.
56	What does the nuclear matrix or nucleoplasm contain?	Nucleolus and chromatin.
57	Who formulated the cell theory?	Schleiden and Schwann.
58	What is - Cisternae	Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus.
59	Are cells formed de novo from abiotic materials?	No.
60	How are polar molecules transported across the plasma membrane?	With the help of carrier proteins.
61	What is meant by division of labour in multicellular organisms?	Different cells perform specialised functions.
62	How do lysosomes differ from vacuoles?	Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, while vacuoles mainly store materials.