View all 63 cards in this deck

#	Question	Answer
1	What is Biology?	Biology is the study of living organisms.
2	Which approach uses cell-free systems to investigate physiological and behavioural processes?	The physico-chemical approach.
3	Who was G.N. Ramachandran?	An outstanding figure in the field of protein structure.
4	What are multicellular organisms?	Organisms composed of many cells.
5	Who examined many plants and observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells?	Matthias Schleiden.
6	Who together formulated the cell theory?	Schleiden and Schwann.
7	What is the outer boundary of a typical plant cell like the onion cell?	Cell wall.
8	What are eukaryotic cells?	Cells with membrane-bound nuclei.
9	Which membrane-bound organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells?	ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles.
10	Which cells are among the longest cells in the body?	Nerve cells.
11	Name the four basic shapes of bacteria.	Bacillus, coccus, vibrio and spirillum.
12	How is the organisation of prokaryotic cells fundamentally similar?	All prokaryotes have a similar basic cellular organisation despite variation in shape and function.
13	What are plasmids?	Small circular DNA present outside the genomic DNA in many bacteria.
14	What unique structures are found in prokaryotic cells?	Inclusions and mesosomes.
15	Which bacteria are called Gram positive?	Bacteria that take up Gram stain.
16	What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?	It determines cell shape and provides structural support.
17	In what forms do mesosomal extensions occur?	Vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
18	What are pili?	Elongated tubular structures made of special protein.
19	What type of nucleus is present in eukaryotic cells?	An organised nucleus with a nuclear envelope.
20	Which structures are present in animal cells but absent in almost all plant cells?	Centrioles.
21	Which organelles are involved in protein synthesis and transport?	Rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
22	Which non-living outer covering is present in plant cells?	Cell wall.
23	What is the semi-fluid matrix of the cell called?	Cytoplasm.
24	Which instrument helped scientists study the detailed structure of the cell membrane?	Electron microscope.
25	How are phospholipids arranged in the plasma membrane?	In a bilayer.
26	Does the protein-to-lipid ratio remain the same in all cell membranes?	No, it varies considerably among cell types.
27	What are integral proteins?	Proteins partially or totally buried in the membrane.
28	What is one of the most important functions of the plasma membrane?	Transport of molecules across it.
29	What is osmosis?	Movement of water by diffusion across a membrane.
30	Which molecule provides energy for active transport?	ATP.
31	Where is the secondary wall formed in plant cells?	On the inner side toward the membrane.
32	Why are some organelles grouped as the endomembrane system?	Because their functions are coordinated.
33	What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?	ER lacking ribosomes on its surface.
34	Who first observed Golgi apparatus?	Camillo Golgi.
35	Which face of Golgi apparatus is convex?	Cis face.
36	What happens to proteins synthesised on ER in the Golgi apparatus?	They are modified in the Golgi cisternae before release.
37	At which pH are lysosomal enzymes optimally active?	Acidic pH.
38	How much volume of a plant cell can vacuoles occupy?	Up to 90% of the cell volume.
39	Why are mitochondria not easily visible under a microscope?	Because they are not easily visible unless specifically stained.
40	What is the dense homogeneous substance inside the inner compartment called?	Matrix.
41	Which additional components are found in mitochondrial matrix?	RNA molecules, 70S ribosomes and protein synthesis components.
42	Name the three types of plastids.	Chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts.
43	What are leucoplasts?	Colourless plastids storing nutrients.
44	Where are most chloroplasts found in green plants?	Mesophyll cells of leaves.
45	Which chloroplast membrane is less permeable?	Inner membrane.
46	What is the lumen in chloroplasts?	The space enclosed by thylakoid membranes.
47	Who first observed ribosomes under the electron microscope?	George Palade.
48	What are the subunits of 70S ribosomes?	50S and 30S.
49	What is the singular form of cilia?	Cilium.
50	What covers cilia and flagella?	Plasma membrane.
51	What surrounds the central tubules?	Central sheath.
52	What are basal bodies?	Centriole-like structures from which cilia and flagella emerge.
53	What are centrioles made up of?	Nine evenly spaced peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein.
54	Who first described the nucleus as a cell organelle?	Robert Brown.
55	What is the space between the two nuclear membranes called?	Perinuclear space.
56	What are nuclear pores?	Minute pores formed by fusion of the two nuclear membranes.
57	What is the nucleolus?	A spherical structure present in the nucleoplasm.
58	Who explained that cells arise from pre-existing cells?	Rudolf Virchow.
59	What is - Thylakoids	Flat membranous sacs in stroma.
60	What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell?	A specialised differentiated form of plasma membrane formed by infoldings.
61	Name two double membrane-bound organelles.	Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
62	Why is the cell called the basic unit of life?	Because it is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
63	What is a centromere?	The primary constriction of a chromosome holding chromatids together.