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#	Question	Answer
1	In unicellular organisms, which functions are performed by a single cell?	Digestion, respiration, and reproduction.
2	What is a tissue?	A group of similar cells along with intercellular substances performing a specific function.
3	How many basic types of tissues are present in complex animals?	Four basic types of tissues.
4	What is formed when two or more organs perform a common function together?	An organ system.
5	Give examples of organ systems mentioned in the text.	Digestive system and respiratory system.
6	What does division of labour in multicellular organisms involve?	Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems splitting up work for survival of the body.
7	What does morphology refer to in animals?	The external appearance of the organs or parts of the body.
8	What is anatomy?	The study of morphology of internal organs in animals.
9	Frogs belong to which class and phylum?	Class Amphibia of phylum Chordata.
10	What is the common species of frog found in India mentioned in the text?	Rana tigrina.
11	Why are frogs called cold-blooded or poikilotherms?	Their body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment.
12	What is camouflage in frogs?	The ability to change colour to hide from enemies.
13	What is mimicry according to the text?	Protective coloration shown by frogs.
14	What is aestivation?	Summer sleep taken by frogs during peak summer.
15	What is hibernation?	Winter sleep taken by frogs during winter.
16	Why is the skin of a frog smooth and slippery?	Due to the presence of mucus.
17	In what condition is frog skin maintained?	Moist condition.
18	What is the colour of the ventral side of a frog?	Uniformly pale yellow.
19	How do frogs absorb water?	Through the skin.
20	Into which two parts is the body of a frog divided?	Head and trunk.
21	Which body parts are absent in frogs?	Neck and tail.
22	What protects the eyes of a frog while in water?	Nictitating membrane.
23	What is the function of the tympanum in frogs?	It receives sound signals.
24	What are the functions of the forelimbs and hind limbs in frogs?	Swimming, walking, leaping, and burrowing.
25	How many digits are present in the hind limbs of frogs?	Five digits.
26	Why are frog feet webbed?	To help in swimming.
27	What is sexual dimorphism in frogs?	Males and females showing different external features.
28	Which structures distinguish male frogs from female frogs?	Vocal sacs and copulatory pads on the first digit of forelimbs.
29	Why is the alimentary canal short in frogs?	Because frogs are carnivores, which results in a reduced length of the intestine.
30	What are the functions of frog forelimbs and hind limbs?	Swimming, walking, leaping, and burrowing.
31	How many digits are present in the hind limbs of frogs?	Five digits.
32	Why are frog hind limbs larger and muscular?	They help in movement such as swimming and leaping.
33	How many digits are present in the forelimbs of frogs?	Four digits.
34	What is the function of webbed digits in frogs?	They help in swimming.
35	What is sexual dimorphism in frogs?	Males and females show different external features.
36	Which structures are present in male frogs but absent in female frogs?	Vocal sacs and copulatory pads on the first digit of forelimbs.
37	Which organ systems are present in the frog body cavity?	Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems.
38	What are the two main parts of the digestive system in frogs?	Alimentary canal and digestive glands.
39	Why is the alimentary canal short in frogs?	Because frogs are carnivores, which results in a reduced length of the intestine.
40	Into which cavity does the mouth open in frogs?	Buccal cavity.
41	Through which structure does the buccal cavity lead to the oesophagus?	Pharynx.
42	Describe the oesophagus of a frog.	It is a short tube opening into the stomach.
43	What are the successive parts of the frog alimentary canal after the stomach?	Intestine, rectum, and cloaca.
44	What does the liver secrete in frogs?	Bile.
45	Where is bile stored in frogs?	Gall bladder.
46	Which digestive gland produces pancreatic juice?	Pancreas.
47	What type of tongue is present in frogs?	Bilobed tongue.
48	What is the function of the bilobed tongue in frogs?	Capturing food.
49	Which substances help in digestion inside the frog stomach?	HCl and gastric juices.
50	What is chyme?	Partially digested food passed from stomach to duodenum.
51	What does the duodenum receive through the common bile duct?	Bile from gall bladder and pancreatic juices from pancreas.
52	What is the function of bile in frogs?	Emulsification of fats.
53	Which nutrients are digested by pancreatic juices?	Carbohydrates and proteins.
54	Where does final digestion take place in frogs?	Intestine.
55	What are villi and microvilli?	Finger-like folds in the intestine that absorb digested food.
56	Through which opening does undigested waste pass out in frogs?	Cloaca.
57	What type of respiration occurs through frog skin in water?	Cutaneous respiration.
58	How is dissolved oxygen exchanged in frogs during aquatic respiration?	Through skin by diffusion.
59	Which organs act as respiratory organs on land in frogs?	Buccal cavity, skin, and lungs.
60	What is pulmonary respiration?	Respiration by lungs.
61	Describe frog lungs.	Pair of elongated, pink coloured sac-like structures in the thorax.
62	What is the path of air entry in frogs?	Nostrils - buccal cavity lungs.
63	During aestivation and hibernation, how does gaseous exchange occur in frogs?	Through skin.
64	What type of vascular system is present in frogs?	Well-developed closed vascular system.
65	What are the components of the blood vascular system in frogs?	Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
66	What are the components of the lymphatic system in frogs?	Lymph, lymph channels, and lymph nodes.
67	What membrane covers the frog heart?	Pericardium.
68	What is the function of sinus venosus in frogs?	It joins the right atrium and receives blood from vena cava.
69	Into what structure does the ventricle open?	Conus arteriosus.
70	What carries blood from the heart to all body parts in frogs?	Arteries.
71	What forms the venous system in frogs?	Veins collecting blood back to the heart.
72	What is the hepatic portal system?	Venous connection between liver and intestine.
73	What is the renal portal system?	Venous connection between kidneys and lower body parts.
74	Name the blood cells found in frogs.	RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
75	What pigment is present in frog RBCs?	Haemoglobin.
76	Are frog RBCs nucleated or non-nucleated?	Nucleated.
77	How is lymph different from blood?	It lacks some proteins and RBCs.
78	Which system carries nutrients, gases, and water in frogs?	Blood circulatory system.
79	What type of animal is a frog based on nitrogenous waste excretion?	Ureotelic animal.
80	Which organs form the excretory system of frogs?	Kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
81	Where are frog kidneys located?	Posteriorly in the body cavity on both sides of the vertebral column.
82	What are nephrons also called in frogs?	Uriniferous tubules.
83	What is the function of ureters in male frogs?	They act as urinogenital ducts opening into the cloaca.
84	Where do ureters and oviducts open in female frogs?	Separately into the cloaca.
85	Where is the urinary bladder situated in frogs?	Ventral to the rectum.
86	How are excretory wastes transported to the kidneys in frogs?	Through blood.
87	Which two systems control and coordinate activities in frogs?	Neural system and endocrine glands.
88	How is chemical coordination achieved in frogs?	By hormones secreted by endocrine glands.
89	Name the prominent endocrine glands in frogs.	Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets, adrenals, and gonads.
90	Into which three parts is the frog nervous system organised?	Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.
91	What are the components of the central nervous system in frogs?	Brain and spinal cord.
92	What forms the peripheral nervous system in frogs?	Cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
93	Which divisions form the autonomic nervous system in frogs?	Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
94	How many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the frog brain?	Ten pairs.
95	What is the cranium in frogs?	The bony brain box enclosing the brain.
96	Into which three regions is the frog brain divided?	Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
97	Which structures are included in the forebrain of frogs?	Olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres, and unpaired diencephalon.
98	What characterises the midbrain in frogs?	A pair of optic lobes.
99	Which structures form the hindbrain in frogs?	Cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
100	Through which opening does the medulla oblongata continue into the spinal cord?	Foramen magnum.
101	Name the sense organs present in frogs.	Organs of touch, taste, smell, vision, and hearing.
102	Which structures act as organs of touch in frogs?	Sensory papillae.
103	Which structures are responsible for taste in frogs?	Taste buds.
104	Which structure functions in smell in frogs?	Nasal epithelium.
105	Which sensory organs are well organised in frogs?	Eyes and internal ears.
106	Where are frog eyes situated?	In the orbit of the skull.
107	What type of eyes do frogs possess?	Simple eyes possessing only one unit.
108	Is the external ear present in frogs?	No, only the tympanum is externally visible.
109	What are the functions of the frog ear?	Hearing and balancing (equilibrium).
110	Describe the testes in male frogs.	Pair of yellowish ovoid testes found adhered to the upper part of the kidneys.
111	What is mesorchium?	A double fold of peritoneum that attaches the testes to the upper part of the kidneys.
112	How many vasa efferentia arise from each testis?	10 - 12.
113	What is the cloaca in frogs?	A small median chamber for passage of faeces, urine, and sperms.
114	Which organs form the female reproductive system in frogs?	Pair of ovaries and oviducts.
115	Are frog ovaries functionally connected with kidneys?	No.
116	Where do the oviducts open in frogs?	Separately into the cloaca.
117	How many ova can a mature female frog lay at one time?	2500 - 3000 ova.
118	Where does fertilisation occur in frogs?	In water.
119	What type of fertilisation occurs in frogs?	External fertilisation.
120	What is the larval stage of frog called?	Tadpole.
121	What process converts tadpole into adult frog?	Metamorphosis.
122	Why are frogs beneficial to mankind?	They eat insects and protect crops.
123	How do frogs help maintain ecological balance?	They are important links in food chains and food webs.
124	Which part of frogs is used as food in some countries?	Muscular legs.
125	Which frog species is called the Indian bullfrog?	Rana tigrina.
126	Which glands in frog skin help in respiration?	Mucous glands in highly vascularised skin.
127	What type of circulation is present in frogs?	Closed circulation with single circulation.