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#	Question	Answer
1	What is the study of the internal structure of plants called?	The study of the internal structure of plants is called anatomy.
2	What is the basic unit of plants?	Cells are the basic unit of plants.
3	Into what are plant cells organised?	Cells are organised into tissues, and tissues are organised into organs.
4	Name the three types of tissue systems in plants.	Epidermal tissue system, ground (fundamental) tissue system, and vascular (conducting) tissue system.
5	What forms the outermost covering of the whole plant body?	The epidermal tissue system forms the outermost covering of the whole plant body.
6	What are the components of the epidermal tissue system?	Epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, and hairs.
7	What is the outermost layer of the primary plant body?	The epidermis is the outermost layer of the primary plant body.
8	What type of cells make up the epidermis?	Epidermal cells are parenchymatous with a small amount of cytoplasm lining the cell wall and a large vacuole.
9	What is the function of the cuticle?	The cuticle prevents the loss of water.
10	In which plant organ is cuticle absent?	Cuticle is absent in roots.
11	Where are stomata present?	Stomata are present in the epidermis of leaves.
12	What are the functions of stomata?	Stomata regulate transpiration and gaseous exchange.
13	What are guard cells?	Guard cells are two bean-shaped cells that enclose the stomatal pore.
14	What shape are guard cells in grasses?	In grasses, guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
15	Which walls of guard cells are thickened?	The inner walls towards the stomatal pore are highly thickened.
16	What is stomatal apparatus?	The stomatal aperture, guard cells, and surrounding subsidiary cells together form the stomatal apparatus.
17	What are root hairs?	Root hairs are unicellular elongations of epidermal cells.
18	What is the function of root hairs?	Root hairs help absorb water and minerals from the soil.
19	What constitutes the ground tissue?	All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the ground tissue.
20	Which simple tissues are present in the ground tissue system?	Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
21	What is mesophyll?	In leaves, the ground tissue consisting of thin-walled chloroplast-containing cells is called mesophyll.
22	Which tissues constitute the vascular system in plants?	The vascular system consists of xylem and phloem.
23	What do xylem and phloem together form?	Xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles.
24	What are open vascular bundles?	Vascular bundles with cambium present between xylem and phloem are called open vascular bundles.
25	Why are dicot vascular bundles called open?	Because the presence of cambium allows formation of secondary xylem and phloem tissues.
26	What are closed vascular bundles?	Vascular bundles without cambium that do not form secondary tissues are called closed vascular bundles.
27	In which plants are vascular bundles usually closed?	In monocotyledons, vascular bundles are usually closed.
28	What is a radial vascular bundle arrangement?	When xylem and phloem are arranged alternately along different radii, the arrangement is called radial.
29	Where are radial vascular bundles commonly found?	Radial vascular bundles are found in roots.
30	What are conjoint vascular bundles?	In conjoint vascular bundles, xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius.
31	In which plant organs are conjoint vascular bundles common?	Conjoint vascular bundles are common in stems and leaves.
32	Where is phloem located in conjoint vascular bundles?	Phloem is usually located on the outer side of xylem.
33	Which layer is the outermost layer in a dicot root?	Epiblema is the outermost layer in a dicot root.
34	What protrudes from the epiblema in dicot roots?	Unicellular root hairs protrude from the epiblema.
35	What type of cells form the cortex of dicot roots?	The cortex consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
36	What is the innermost layer of the cortex called?	The innermost layer of the cortex is called endodermis.
37	Describe the cells of the endodermis.	In roots, the endodermis comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells without any intercellular spaces.
38	What are Casparian strips?	Casparian strips are deposits of water-impermeable waxy suberin present on tangential and radial walls of endodermal cells.
39	What is the pericycle?	In dicot roots, it is a few layers of thick-walled parenchymatous cells next to the endodermis.
40	What functions are performed by the pericycle?	Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth takes place in the pericycle.
41	What is conjunctive tissue?	The parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem are called conjunctive tissue.
42	How many xylem and phloem patches are usually present in dicot roots?	Usually two to four xylem and phloem patches are present.
43	What is stele?	All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis, such as pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith, constitute the stele.
44	What is polyarch condition in monocot roots?	Presence of more than six xylem bundles in monocot roots is called polyarch condition.
45	How is the pith in monocot roots?	The pith in monocot roots is large and well developed.
46	Do monocot roots undergo secondary growth?	No, monocotyledonous roots do not undergo secondary growth.
47	What covers the epidermis of a young dicot stem?	The epidermis is covered with a thin layer of cuticle.
48	What structures may be present on the epidermis of a dicot stem?	Trichomes and a few stomata may be present.
49	What constitutes the cortex in a dicot stem?	Cells arranged in multiple layers between epidermis and pericycle constitute the cortex.
50	Into how many sub-zones is the cortex divided in a dicot stem?	The cortex consists of three sub-zones.
51	What is hypodermis in a dicot stem?	The outer hypodermis consists of a few layers of collenchymatous cells just below the epidermis.
52	What is the function of hypodermis in a dicot stem?	It provides mechanical strength to the young stem.
53	What type of cells are present below the hypodermis in dicot stems?	Rounded thin-walled parenchymatous cells with conspicuous intercellular spaces are present below the hypodermis.
54	What is the innermost layer of cortex in a dicot stem called?	The innermost layer of cortex is called endodermis.
55	Why is the endodermis in dicot stem called starch sheath?	Because the cells of the endodermis are rich in starch grains.
56	In what form is pericycle present in dicot stems?	Pericycle is present on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem as semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma.
57	What are medullary rays?	Radially placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles constitute medullary rays.
58	What is characteristic of vascular bundles in dicot stems?	A large number of vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
59	Describe the vascular bundles of dicot stems.	Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open, and has endarch protoxylem.
60	What constitutes the pith in dicot stems?	Rounded parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces occupying the central portion form the pith.
61	What type of hypodermis is present in monocot stems?	Monocot stems have a sclerenchymatous hypodermis.
62	How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems?	Monocot stems have a large number of scattered vascular bundles.
63	What surrounds each vascular bundle in monocot stems?	Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
64	Describe the ground tissue in monocot stems.	The ground tissue is large, conspicuous, and parenchymatous.
65	Are vascular bundles in monocot stems open or closed?	Vascular bundles in monocot stems are conjoint and closed.
66	How do peripheral vascular bundles differ from centrally located ones in monocot stems?	Peripheral vascular bundles are generally smaller than centrally located ones.
67	Which tissue is absent in monocot stem vascular bundles?	Phloem parenchyma is absent, and water-containing cavities are present.
68	What special structures are present within vascular bundles of monocot stems?	Water-containing cavities are present within the vascular bundles.
69	Name the three main parts of a dorsiventral leaf.	Epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular system.
70	What are the two surfaces of the leaf epidermis called?	Adaxial epidermis (upper surface) and abaxial epidermis (lower surface).
71	Which epidermis generally bears more stomata in dorsiventral leaves?	The abaxial epidermis generally bears more stomata.
72	What is mesophyll?	The tissue between the upper and lower epidermis is called mesophyll.
73	What is the function of mesophyll?	Mesophyll possesses chloroplasts and carries out photosynthesis.
74	What are the two types of mesophyll cells?	Palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
75	How are palisade parenchyma cells arranged in dorsiventral leaves?	Palisade parenchyma cells are elongated and arranged vertically and parallel to each other.
76	Where is spongy parenchyma located in dorsiventral leaves?	Spongy parenchyma is situated below the palisade cells and extends to the lower epidermis.
77	What is characteristic of spongy parenchyma cells?	They are oval or round, loosely arranged, and contain numerous large spaces and air cavities.
78	What does the vascular system of a leaf include?	The vascular system includes vascular bundles present in veins and midrib.
79	On what does the size of vascular bundles in leaves depend?	The size of vascular bundles depends on the size of the veins.
80	How do veins vary in dicot leaves?	Veins vary in thickness in the reticulate venation of dicot leaves.
81	What surrounds vascular bundles in dicot leaves?	Vascular bundles are surrounded by thick-walled bundle sheath cells.
82	What is another name for a monocotyledonous leaf?	A monocotyledonous leaf is also called an isobilateral leaf.
83	How are stomata distributed in isobilateral leaves?	Stomata are present on both surfaces of the epidermis.
84	How is mesophyll differentiated in isobilateral leaves?	Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
85	What are bulliform cells?	Bulliform cells are large, empty, colourless cells formed by certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins in grasses.
86	What happens when bulliform cells are turgid?	When bulliform cells absorb water and become turgid, the leaf surface is exposed.
87	What happens when bulliform cells become flaccid?	They make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss.
88	How is parallel venation reflected in monocot leaves?	Parallel venation is reflected in the near similar sizes of vascular bundles except in the main veins.
89	Into what categories are plant tissues broadly classified?	Plant tissues are broadly classified into meristematic and permanent tissues.
90	Name the types of meristematic tissues.	Apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems.
91	What are the two types of permanent tissues?	Simple and complex permanent tissues.
92	What are the main functions of plant tissues?	Assimilation and storage of food, transportation of water, minerals and photosynthates, and mechanical support.
93	Name the three tissue systems in plants.	Epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue systems.
94	What are the components of the epidermal tissue system?	Epidermal cells, stomata, and epidermal appendages.
95	Into which three zones is the ground tissue system divided?	Cortex, pericycle, and pith.
96	Which tissues form the vascular tissue system?	Xylem and phloem form the vascular tissue system.
97	What is the function of vascular bundles?	Vascular bundles conduct and translocate water, minerals, and food material.
98	How do monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants differ internally?	They differ in type, number, and location of vascular bundles.
99	In which plants does secondary growth usually occur?	Secondary growth occurs in most dicotyledonous roots and stems.