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#	Question	Answer
1	What type of features were mainly described in early biology?	Gross structural features, both external and internal.
2	What kinds of plant adaptations are mentioned?	Adaptations for habitats, protection, climbing, and storage.
3	What do the branches of the primary root constitute?	Tap root system.
4	Name plants that show adventitious roots.	Grass, Monstera, and banyan tree.
5	Which parts are commonly seen in a weed when pulled out?	Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
6	What do the primary root and its branches together constitute?	Tap root system.
7	Name plants that show adventitious roots.	Grass, Monstera, and banyan tree.
8	What is the structure covering the apex of the root called?	Root cap.
9	What is the region proximal to the elongation zone called?	Region of maturation.
10	What are nodes?	Regions of the stem where leaves are borne.
11	What is the main function of the stem?	Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruits.
12	Which bud is present in the axil of a leaf?	Axillary bud.
13	What are the three main parts of a typical leaf?	Leaf base, petiole, and lamina.
14	How do long flexible petioles help the plant?	They allow leaves to flutter in wind, cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air.
15	What is reticulate venation?	Venation in which veinlets form a network.
16	What is a compound leaf?	A leaf in which incisions reach up to the midrib forming leaflets.
17	Give an example of a pinnately compound leaf.	Neem.
18	What is alternate phyllotaxy?	A single leaf arises at each node in an alternate manner.
19	Give an example of whorled phyllotaxy.	Alstonia.
20	What does the apex produce in a flower instead of leaves?	Different kinds of floral appendages.
21	What is the flower in angiosperms?	The reproductive unit meant for sexual reproduction.
22	What is perianth?	When calyx and corolla are not distinct, as in lily.
23	What is a zygomorphic flower?	A flower that can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane.
24	What is meant by tetramerous flowers?	Floral appendages are in multiples of 4.
25	What is a hypogynous flower?	A flower in which the gynoecium occupies the highest position and other floral parts are below it.
26	Give examples of perigynous flowers.	Plum, rose, and peach.
27	What is calyx?	The outermost whorl of the flower made up of sepals.
28	Why are petals usually brightly coloured?	To attract insects for pollination.
29	What are the main types of aestivation?	Valvate, twisted, imbricate, and vexillary.
30	Give examples of imbricate aestivation.	Cassia and gulmohur.
31	What are pollen sacs?	Chambers in the anther where pollen grains are produced.
32	Give an example of epiphyllous stamens.	Lily.
33	Give an example of diadelphous stamens.	Pea.
34	What are the three parts of a carpel?	Stigma, style, and ovary.
35	What are apocarpous carpels?	Free carpels.
36	What happens to the ovary after fertilisation?	It matures into a fruit.
37	What is axile placentation?	Ovules are attached to the axial placenta in a multilocular ovary.
38	What is basal placentation?	Placenta develops at the base of the ovary with a single ovule attached.
39	What are the three layers of a fleshy pericarp?	Epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
40	What is special about the mesocarp of coconut?	It is fibrous.
41	How many cotyledons are present in gram and pea?	Two cotyledons.
42	Which structures are present at the two ends of the embryonal axis?	Radicle and plumule.
43	Are monocotyledonous seeds generally endospermic or non-endospermic?	Generally endospermic.
44	What is the aleurone layer?	A proteinous layer surrounding the endosperm.
45	What encloses the plumule in monocot seed?	Coleoptile.
46	Which floral characters are described in a flowering plant?	Inflorescence and flower parts.
47	Which floral whorl is drawn outermost in floral diagram?	Calyx.
48	Describe the stem in Solanaceae.	Herbaceous or rarely woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous.
49	What types of inflorescence are found in Solanaceae?	Solitary, axillary, or cymose.
50	What type of seeds are present in Solanaceae?	Many and endospermous.
51	Which fumigatory plant belongs to Solanaceae?	Tobacco.
52	Which plants generally possess tap roots?	Dicotyledonous plants.
53	What is a leaf?	A lateral outgrowth of stem developed exogenously at the node.
54	What floral variations are mentioned in the summary?	Structure, symmetry, ovary position, and arrangement of petals, sepals, and ovules.
55	How are floral features represented in summarised form?	By floral diagrams and floral formulae.