View all 272 cards in this deck

#	Question	Answer
1	How was the description of diverse forms of life on Earth initially made?	Through observation using naked eyes, magnifying lenses, and microscopes.
2	What type of features were mainly described in early biology?	Gross structural features, both external and internal.
3	What else was recorded apart from structural features in early biological studies?	Observable and perceivable living phenomena.
4	What was biology mainly considered before experimental biology developed?	Natural history.
5	What are all angiosperms characterised by despite diversity in morphology?	Presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
6	Why are standard technical terms important in biology?	For successful classification and understanding of organisms.
7	What kinds of plant adaptations are mentioned?	Adaptations for habitats, protection, climbing, and storage.
8	What are the common parts seen when a weed is pulled out?	Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
9	What is the underground part of a flowering plant called?	Root system.
10	What is the above-ground part of a flowering plant called?	Shoot system.
11	In most dicotyledonous plants, what does elongation of the radicle form?	Primary root.
12	What do the branches of the primary root constitute?	Tap root system.
13	Which plants generally have a tap root system?	Dicotyledonous plants.
14	What replaces the primary root in monocotyledonous plants?	A large number of roots arising from the base of the stem.
15	What type of root system is seen in wheat?	Fibrous root system.
16	What are adventitious roots?	Roots arising from parts other than the radicle.
17	Name plants that show adventitious roots.	Grass, Monstera, and banyan tree.
18	What are the main functions of the root system?	Absorption of water and minerals, anchorage, food storage, and synthesis of plant growth regulators.
19	What are angiosperms characterised by despite their large diversity in morphology?	Presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
20	Why are standard technical terms and definitions important in biology?	For successful classification and understanding of plants and living organisms.
21	What kinds of plant adaptations are mentioned in the text?	Adaptations for habitats, protection, climbing, and storage.
22	Which parts are commonly seen in a weed when pulled out?	Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
23	What is the underground part of a flowering plant called?	Root system.
24	What is the above-ground portion of a flowering plant called?	Shoot system.
25	What does the direct elongation of the radicle form in dicotyledonous plants?	Primary root.
26	What are the branches of the primary root called?	Secondary, tertiary, and higher-order roots.
27	What do the primary root and its branches together constitute?	Tap root system.
28	Give an example of a plant with a tap root system.	Mustard plant.
29	What happens to the primary root in monocotyledonous plants?	It is short-lived and replaced by many roots arising from the stem base.
30	What type of root system is seen in wheat?	Fibrous root system.
31	What are adventitious roots?	Roots arising from plant parts other than the radicle.
32	Name plants that show adventitious roots.	Grass, Monstera, and banyan tree.
33	What are the main functions of the root system?	Absorption of water and minerals, anchorage, storage of reserve food, and synthesis of plant growth regulators.
34	From where do fibrous roots originate?	From the base of the stem.
35	Which root type develops directly from the radicle?	Primary root.
36	What protects the tender apex of the root as it moves through the soil?	Root cap.
37	What is the structure covering the apex of the root called?	Root cap.
38	Where is the region of meristematic activity located?	A few millimetres above the root cap.
39	What are the characteristics of cells in the meristematic region?	Very small, thin-walled, with dense protoplasm, and divide repeatedly.
40	Which region of the root is responsible for increase in root length?	Region of elongation.
41	What happens to cells in the region proximal to the meristematic region?	They undergo rapid elongation and enlargement.
42	What is the region proximal to the elongation zone called?	Region of maturation.
43	What structures are formed by epidermal cells in the region of maturation?	Root hairs.
44	What is the function of root hairs?	Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
45	What is the stem?	The ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
46	From which part of the embryo does the stem develop?	Plumule.
47	What are nodes?	Regions of the stem where leaves are borne.
48	What are internodes?	Portions of the stem between two nodes.
49	What types of buds are present on the stem?	Terminal and axillary buds.
50	What is the colour of young stems generally?	Green.
51	What happens to stems as they mature?	They often become woody and dark brown.
52	What is the main function of the stem?	Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruits.
53	What substances are conducted by the stem?	Water, minerals, and photosynthates.
54	Name additional functions of some stems.	Storage of food, support, protection, and vegetative propagation.
55	What is a leaf?	A lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem.
56	Where does a leaf develop?	At the node.
57	Which bud is present in the axil of a leaf?	Axillary bud.
58	What does the axillary bud later develop into?	A branch.
59	From where do leaves originate?	Shoot apical meristems.
60	In what order are leaves arranged?	Acropetal order.
61	What is the most important function of leaves?	Photosynthesis.
62	What are the three main parts of a typical leaf?	Leaf base, petiole, and lamina.
63	What are stipules?	Two lateral small leaf-like structures at the leaf base.
64	What happens to the leaf base in monocotyledons?	It expands into a sheath covering the stem partially or wholly.
65	What is pulvinus?	A swollen leaf base found in some leguminous plants.
66	What is the function of the petiole?	It helps hold the leaf blade to light.
67	How do long flexible petioles help the plant?	They allow leaves to flutter in wind, cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air.
68	What is lamina?	The green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.
69	What is the prominent middle vein of the leaf called?	Midrib.
70	What are the functions of veins in leaves?	Provide rigidity and transport water, minerals, and food materials.
71	What is venation?	Arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina.
72	What is reticulate venation?	Venation in which veinlets form a network.
73	What is parallel venation?	Venation in which veins run parallel to each other.
74	Which type of venation is common in dicotyledonous plants?	Reticulate venation.
75	Which type of venation is characteristic of most monocotyledons?	Parallel venation.
76	What is a simple leaf?	A leaf whose lamina is entire or whose incisions do not touch the midrib.
77	What is a compound leaf?	A leaf in which incisions reach up to the midrib forming leaflets.
78	Where is the bud present in compound leaves?	In the axil of the petiole, not in the axil of leaflets.
79	What are the two types of compound leaves?	Pinnately compound and palmately compound leaves.
80	What is a pinnately compound leaf?	A compound leaf in which leaflets are present on a common axis called rachis.
81	What does the rachis represent in a pinnately compound leaf?	The midrib of the leaf.
82	Give an example of a pinnately compound leaf.	Neem.
83	What is a palmately compound leaf?	A compound leaf in which leaflets are attached at a common point at the tip of the petiole.
84	Give an example of a palmately compound leaf.	Silk cotton.
85	What is phyllotaxy?	The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.
86	What are the three types of phyllotaxy?	Alternate, opposite, and whorled.
87	What is alternate phyllotaxy?	A single leaf arises at each node in an alternate manner.
88	Give examples of alternate phyllotaxy.	China rose, mustard, and sunflower.
89	What is opposite phyllotaxy?	A pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other.
90	Give examples of opposite phyllotaxy.	Calotropis and guava.
91	What is whorled phyllotaxy?	More than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl.
92	Give an example of whorled phyllotaxy.	Alstonia.
93	What is inflorescence?	Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.
94	What is a flower considered morphologically?	A modified shoot.
95	What change occurs in the shoot apical meristem during flower formation?	It changes into floral meristem.
96	What happens to internodes in a flower?	They do not elongate and the axis becomes condensed.
97	What does the apex produce in a flower instead of leaves?	Different kinds of floral appendages.
98	What happens when a shoot tip transforms into a flower?	It becomes solitary.
99	What are the two major types of inflorescences?	Racemose and cymose.
100	What is racemose inflorescence?	Inflorescence in which the main axis continues to grow and flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession.
101	What is cymose inflorescence?	Inflorescence in which the main axis terminates in a flower and flowers are borne in basipetal order.
102	What is the flower in angiosperms?	The reproductive unit meant for sexual reproduction.
103	What is the swollen end of the stalk bearing floral whorls called?	Thalamus or receptacle.
104	Name the four floral whorls of a typical flower.	Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
105	Which floral whorls are accessory organs?	Calyx and corolla.
106	Which floral whorls are reproductive organs?	Androecium and gynoecium.
107	What is perianth?	When calyx and corolla are not distinct, as in lily.
108	What is a bisexual flower?	A flower having both androecium and gynoecium.
109	What is a unisexual flower?	A flower having either stamens or carpels only.
110	What is an actinomorphic flower?	A flower that can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane through the centre.
111	Give examples of actinomorphic flowers.	Mustard, datura, and chilli.
112	What is a zygomorphic flower?	A flower that can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane.
113	Give examples of zygomorphic flowers.	Pea, gulmohur, bean, and Cassia.
114	What is an asymmetric flower?	A flower that cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane.
115	Give an example of an asymmetric flower.	Canna.
116	What is meant by trimerous flowers?	Floral appendages are in multiples of 3.
117	What is meant by tetramerous flowers?	Floral appendages are in multiples of 4.
118	What is meant by pentamerous flowers?	Floral appendages are in multiples of 5.
119	What are bracteate flowers?	Flowers having bracts at the base of the pedicel.
120	What are ebracteate flowers?	Flowers without bracts.
121	On what basis are flowers described as hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous?	Based on the position of calyx, corolla, and androecium with respect to the ovary on the thalamus.
122	What is a hypogynous flower?	A flower in which the gynoecium occupies the highest position and other floral parts are below it.
123	What type of ovary is present in hypogynous flowers?	Superior ovary.
124	Give examples of hypogynous flowers.	Mustard, china rose, and brinjal.
125	What is a perigynous flower?	A flower in which gynoecium is at the centre and other floral parts are on the rim of the thalamus at the same level.
126	What type of ovary is found in perigynous flowers?	Half inferior ovary.
127	Give examples of perigynous flowers.	Plum, rose, and peach.
128	What is an epigynous flower?	A flower in which the thalamus encloses the ovary completely and other floral parts arise above the ovary.
129	What type of ovary is present in epigynous flowers?	Inferior ovary.
130	Give examples of epigynous flowers.	Guava, cucumber, and ray florets of sunflower.
131	Name the four floral whorls of a flower.	Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
132	What is calyx?	The outermost whorl of the flower made up of sepals.
133	What is the usual function of sepals?	Protection of the flower in the bud stage.
134	What is gamosepalous calyx?	Calyx with united sepals.
135	What is polysepalous calyx?	Calyx with free sepals.
136	What is corolla composed of?	Petals.
137	Why are petals usually brightly coloured?	To attract insects for pollination.
138	What is gamopetalous corolla?	Corolla with united petals.
139	What is polypetalous corolla?	Corolla with free petals.
140	Name different shapes of corolla mentioned in the text.	Tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, and wheel-shaped.
141	What is aestivation?	The arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to members of the same whorl.
142	What are the main types of aestivation?	Valvate, twisted, imbricate, and vexillary.
143	What is valvate aestivation?	Sepals or petals touch at the margins without overlapping.
144	Give an example of valvate aestivation.	Calotropis.
145	What is twisted aestivation?	One margin of the appendage overlaps the next one in a regular pattern.
146	What is imbricate aestivation?	Margins of sepals or petals overlap without any particular direction.
147	Give examples of imbricate aestivation.	Cassia and gulmohur.
148	What is vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation?	In pea and bean flowers, the standard overlaps wings, which overlap the keel.
149	What is androecium?	The male reproductive whorl composed of stamens.
150	What are the two main parts of a stamen?	Filament and anther.
151	What is the structure of a typical anther?	Bilobed with two chambers in each lobe.
152	What are pollen sacs?	Chambers in the anther where pollen grains are produced.
153	What is a staminode?	A sterile stamen.
154	What are epipetalous stamens?	Stamens attached to petals.
155	Give an example of epipetalous stamens.	Brinjal.
156	What are epiphyllous stamens?	Stamens attached to the perianth.
157	Give an example of epiphyllous stamens.	Lily.
158	What are polyandrous stamens?	Stamens that remain free.
159	What is monoadelphous condition?	Stamens united into one bundle.
160	Give an example of monoadelphous stamens.	China rose.
161	What is diadelphous condition?	Stamens united into two bundles.
162	Give an example of diadelphous stamens.	Pea.
163	What is polyadelphous condition?	Stamens united into more than two bundles.
164	Give an example of polyadelphous stamens.	Citrus.
165	In which plants is variation in filament length seen?	Salvia and mustard.
166	What is gynoecium?	The female reproductive part of the flower made up of one or more carpels.
167	What are the three parts of a carpel?	Stigma, style, and ovary.
168	What is the ovary?	The enlarged basal part of the carpel.
169	What is the style?	The elongated tube connecting the ovary to the stigma.
170	What is the function of the stigma?	It acts as the receptive surface for pollen grains.
171	What is placenta in a flower?	A flattened cushion-like structure to which ovules are attached.
172	What are apocarpous carpels?	Free carpels.
173	Give examples of apocarpous flowers.	Lotus and rose.
174	What are syncarpous carpels?	Fused carpels.
175	Give examples of syncarpous flowers.	Mustard and tomato.
176	What happens to ovules after fertilisation?	They develop into seeds.
177	What happens to the ovary after fertilisation?	It matures into a fruit.
178	What is placentation?	Arrangement of ovules within the ovary.
179	Name the different types of placentation.	Marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central, and free central.
180	What is marginal placentation?	Ovules are borne on a ridge formed along the ventral suture of the ovary.
181	Give an example of marginal placentation.	Pea.
182	What is axile placentation?	Ovules are attached to the axial placenta in a multilocular ovary.
183	Give examples of axile placentation.	China rose, tomato, and lemon.
184	Give examples of parietal placentation.	Mustard and Argemone.
185	What is free central placentation?	Ovules are borne on the central axis and septa are absent.
186	Give examples of free central placentation.	Dianthus and Primrose.
187	What is basal placentation?	Placenta develops at the base of the ovary with a single ovule attached.
188	Give examples of basal placentation.	Sunflower and marigold.
189	What is a fruit?	A mature or ripened ovary developed after fertilisation.
190	What is a parthenocarpic fruit?	A fruit formed without fertilisation of the ovary.
191	What are the main components of a fruit?	Pericarp and seeds.
192	What are the three layers of a fleshy pericarp?	Epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
193	What type of fruit are mango and coconut?	Drupe.
194	From which type of ovary does a drupe develop?	Monocarpellary superior ovary.
195	How many seeds are generally present in a drupe?	One seed.
196	Describe the pericarp of mango.	Outer thin epicarp, middle fleshy edible mesocarp, and inner stony hard endocarp.
197	What is special about the mesocarp of coconut?	It is fibrous.
198	What does an ovule develop into after fertilisation?	Seed.
199	What are the two main parts of a seed?	Seed coat and embryo.
200	What are the parts of the embryo?	Radicle, embryonal axis, and cotyledons.
201	How many cotyledons are present in wheat and maize?	One cotyledon.
202	How many cotyledons are present in gram and pea?	Two cotyledons.
203	What are the two layers of the seed coat?	Testa and tegmen.
204	What is hilum?	Scar on the seed coat where the developing seed was attached to the fruit.
205	What is micropyle?	A small pore present above the hilum.
206	What are cotyledons?	Seed leaves often storing reserve food material.
207	Which structures are present at the two ends of the embryonal axis?	Radicle and plumule.
208	What are endospermic seeds?	Seeds in which endosperm persists as food storing tissue.
209	Give an example of an endospermic seed.	Castor.
210	What are non-endospermic seeds?	Seeds lacking endosperm in mature condition.
211	Give examples of non-endospermic seeds.	Bean, gram, and pea.
212	Are monocotyledonous seeds generally endospermic or non-endospermic?	Generally endospermic.
213	Give an example of a non-endospermic monocot seed.	Orchids.
214	What is the nature of the seed coat in cereals like maize?	Membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall.
215	What is the function of the endosperm in maize seed?	Stores food.
216	What separates the embryo from the endosperm in maize seed?	Aleurone layer.
217	What is the aleurone layer?	A proteinous layer surrounding the endosperm.
218	Where is the embryo situated in a monocot seed?	In a groove at one end of the endosperm.
219	What is the single cotyledon of monocot seed called?	Scutellum.
220	Describe the scutellum.	Large and shield-shaped cotyledon.
221	Which two structures are present on the short embryonal axis?	Plumule and radicle.
222	What encloses the plumule in monocot seed?	Coleoptile.
223	What encloses the radicle in monocot seed?	Coleorhiza.
224	What is meant by semi-technical description of a flowering plant?	Description of morphological features in brief, scientific language and proper sequence.
225	In what sequence is a flowering plant described?	Habit, vegetative characters, floral characters, floral diagram, and floral formula.
226	Which vegetative characters are described in a flowering plant?	Roots, stem, and leaves.
227	Which floral characters are described in a flowering plant?	Inflorescence and flower parts.
228	How is fusion represented in floral formula?	By enclosing the figure within brackets.
229	How is adhesion represented in floral formula?	By a line drawn above the symbols of floral parts.
230	What information does a floral diagram provide?	Number, arrangement, and relation of floral parts.
231	How is the position of the mother axis represented in floral diagram?	By a dot at the top of the diagram.
232	Which floral whorl is drawn outermost in floral diagram?	Calyx.
233	Which floral whorl is drawn at the centre in floral diagram?	Gynoecium.
234	What is the common name of Solanaceae family?	Potato family.
235	In which regions is Solanaceae widely distributed?	Tropics, subtropics, and temperate zones.
236	What is the general habit of plants in Solanaceae?	Mostly herbs, shrubs, and rarely small trees.
237	Describe the stem in Solanaceae.	Herbaceous or rarely woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous.
238	Which plant in Solanaceae has an underground stem?	Potato (Solanum tuberosum).
239	Describe the leaves of Solanaceae plants.	Alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate, with reticulate venation.
240	What type of venation is present in Solanaceae leaves?	Reticulate venation.
241	Are Solanaceae leaves stipulate or exstipulate?	Exstipulate.
242	What types of inflorescence are found in Solanaceae?	Solitary, axillary, or cymose.
243	What type of flower is found in Solanaceae?	Bisexual and actinomorphic.
244	Describe the corolla in Solanaceae.	Five united petals with valvate aestivation.
245	What type of androecium is present in Solanaceae?	Five epipetalous stamens.
246	What type of fruits are found in Solanaceae?	Berry or capsule.
247	What type of seeds are present in Solanaceae?	Many and endospermous.
248	What type of placentation is found in Solanaceae?	Axile placentation.
249	Name food plants belonging to Solanaceae.	Tomato, brinjal, and potato.
250	Which spice belongs to Solanaceae?	Chilli.
251	Name medicinal plants of Solanaceae.	Belladonna and ashwagandha.
252	Which fumigatory plant belongs to Solanaceae?	Tobacco.
253	Name an ornamental plant of Solanaceae.	Petunia.
254	What kinds of variation do flowering plants exhibit?	Variation in shape, size, structure, nutrition, life span, habit, and habitat.
255	What are the two major plant systems in flowering plants?	Root system and shoot system.
256	What are the two types of root systems?	Tap root system and fibrous root system.
257	Which plants generally possess tap roots?	Dicotyledonous plants.
258	Which plants generally possess fibrous roots?	Monocotyledonous plants.
259	What modifications can roots undergo?	Storage of food, mechanical support, and respiration.
260	Into what parts is the shoot system differentiated?	Stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
261	Which stem features help differentiate it from roots?	Nodes, internodes, multicellular hairs, and positive phototropism.
262	What is a leaf?	A lateral outgrowth of stem developed exogenously at the node.
263	What is the main function of leaves?	Photosynthesis.
264	What variations are seen in leaves?	Shape, size, margin, apex, and incision of lamina.
265	What is a flower morphologically?	A modified shoot meant for sexual reproduction.
266	In what arrangements are flowers borne?	Different types of inflorescences.
267	What floral variations are mentioned in the summary?	Structure, symmetry, ovary position, and arrangement of petals, sepals, and ovules.
268	What happens to the ovary after fertilisation?	It develops into a fruit.
269	What happens to ovules after fertilisation?	They develop into seeds.
270	What are the two kinds of seeds mentioned?	Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds.
271	On what basis are flowering plants classified?	Floral characteristics.
272	How are floral features represented in summarised form?	By floral diagrams and floral formulae.