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#	Question	Answer
1	Which fundamental features are used as the basis of animal classification?	Arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, and patterns of digestive, circulatory, and reproductive systems.
2	Which phylum first exhibits organ level of organisation?	Platyhelminthes.
3	What is an open circulatory system?	Blood is pumped out of the heart and directly bathes the tissues and cells.
4	Which groups show radial symmetry?	Coelenterates, ctenophores, and echinoderms.
5	What are triploblastic animals?	Animals with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
6	What are acoelomates?	Animals in which the body cavity is absent.
7	What are chordates?	Animals possessing a notochord.
8	Name the coelomate groups mentioned in the text.	Annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.
9	Give an example of acoelomates.	Platyhelminthes.
10	Which animal is given as an example of metameric segmentation?	Earthworm.
11	What are members of Phylum Porifera commonly known as?	Sponges.
12	Through which pores does water enter the sponge body?	Ostia.
13	What type of digestion occurs in sponges?	Intracellular digestion.
14	What type of fertilisation occurs in sponges?	Internal fertilisation.
15	What level of organisation is present in cnidarians?	Tissue level of organisation.
16	What forms the skeleton in corals?	Calcium carbonate.
17	Give an example of cnidarians showing metagenesis.	Obelia.
18	Are ctenophores diploblastic or triploblastic?	Diploblastic.
19	Is bioluminescence well-marked in ctenophores?	Yes.
20	Name examples of ctenophores.	Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.
21	Are platyhelminthes coelomate or acoelomate?	Acoelomate.
22	Are sexes separate in platyhelminthes?	No.
23	Why are aschelminthes called roundworms?	Because their body is circular in cross-section.
24	Are aschelminthes coelomate or pseudocoelomate?	Pseudocoelomate.
25	What type of fertilisation occurs in aschelminthes?	Internal fertilisation.
26	What type of symmetry is present in annelids?	Bilateral symmetry.
27	What are parapodia?	Lateral appendages in aquatic annelids like Nereis that help in swimming.
28	Are earthworms and leeches monoecious or dioecious?	Monoecious.
29	What level of organisation is present in arthropods?	Organ-system level of organisation.
30	What are jointed appendages called in arthropods?	Arthros-joint, poda-appendages.
31	Are arthropods mostly dioecious or monoecious?	Mostly dioecious.
32	Name the mosquito vectors mentioned in the text.	Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes.
33	What type of organisation is present in molluscs?	Organ-system level of organisation.
34	What is mantle in molluscs?	A soft and spongy layer of skin over the visceral hump.
35	What is radula?	A file-like rasping organ used for feeding.
36	What type of symmetry is present in adult echinoderms?	Radial symmetry.
37	What are the functions of the water vascular system?	Locomotion, capture and transport of food, and respiration.
38	What type of development occurs in echinoderms?	Indirect development with free-swimming larva.
39	Describe the habitat of hemichordates.	Small group of worm-like marine animals.
40	What type of circulatory system is present in hemichordates?	Open circulatory system.
41	What type of development occurs in hemichordates?	Indirect development.
42	What level of organisation is present in chordates?	Organ-system level of organisation.
43	Which subphyla are called protochordates?	Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
44	Name an example of Cephalochordata.	Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
45	What are the functions of kidneys in vertebrates?	Excretion and osmoregulation.
46	What is the position of the heart in non-chordates?	Dorsal, if present.
47	Describe the mouth of cyclostomes.	Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
48	What happens to cyclostomes after spawning?	They die within a few days.
49	Where is the mouth located in Chondrichthyes?	Ventrally.
50	Why do Chondrichthyes swim constantly?	Due to absence of air bladder.
51	What type of fertilisation occurs in Chondrichthyes?	Internal fertilisation.
52	What type of endoskeleton is present in Osteichthyes?	Bony endoskeleton.
53	What types of scales are present in Osteichthyes?	Cycloid or ctenoid scales.
54	Are Osteichthyes mostly oviparous or viviparous?	Mostly oviparous.
55	What habitats can amphibians live in?	Aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
56	What structure represents the ear in amphibians?	Tympanum.
57	What type of fertilisation occurs in amphibians?	External fertilisation.
58	Describe the skin of reptiles.	Dry and cornified skin with epidermal scales or scutes.
59	Which reptiles possess a four-chambered heart?	Crocodiles.
60	Are reptiles oviparous or viviparous?	Oviparous.
61	What structure is characteristic of birds?	Beak.
62	What are pneumatic bones?	Hollow bones with air cavities.
63	How does respiration occur in birds?	By lungs.
64	What type of development occurs in birds?	Direct development.
65	What is the function of mammary glands?	Nourishment of young ones by milk production.
66	What type of heart is present in mammals?	Four-chambered heart.
67	Are mammals viviparous or oviparous?	Mostly viviparous with few exceptions.
68	What is the distinctive feature of Porifera?	Body with pores and canals in walls.
69	What is the distinctive feature of Annelida?	Body segmentation like rings.
70	What is the distinctive feature of Chordata?	Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits with limbs or fins.
71	Which phyla lack a circulatory system ?	Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, and Aschelminthes.
72	What structures are characteristic of coelenterates?	Tentacles and cnidoblasts.
73	What type of animals are aschelminthes?	Pseudocoelomates including parasitic and non-parasitic roundworms.
74	What is the most distinctive feature of echinoderms according to the summary?	Water vascular system.
75	Name the two superclasses of Gnathostomata.	Pisces and Tetrapoda.
76	What type of skin is characteristic of reptiles according to the summary?	Dry and cornified skin.
77	Into what are the forelimbs modified in birds?	Wings.
78	Which body cavity feature is important in classification?	Nature of coelom.
79	What special structures are present in parasitic platyhelminthes?	Hooks and suckers.
80	What is the function of air bladder in Pisces?	Regulation of buoyancy.
81	Comb plates are characteristic of which phylum?	Ctenophora.
82	Which example of Coelenterata is called Portuguese man-of-war?	Physalia.
83	Which arthropod is known as king crab?	Limulus.
84	Which cyclostome is known as lamprey?	Petromyzon.
85	Which bird example is called penguin?	Aptenodytes.