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#	Question	Answer
1	What is meant by cellular level of organisation?	Cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates with some division of labour among cells.
2	Which animals exhibit organ-system level of organisation?	Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Chordates.
3	What is asymmetry in animals?	Any plane passing through the centre does not divide the body into equal halves.
4	Which animals exhibit bilateral symmetry?	Annelids, arthropods, and similar animals.
5	What are coelomates?	Animals possessing a true coelom.
6	What is metameric segmentation?	External and internal division of the body into segments with serial repetition of at least some organs.
7	What is coelom?	The body cavity lined by mesoderm is called coelom.
8	What are pseudocoelomates?	Animals possessing pseudocoelom.
9	Which groups are triploblastic according to the text?	Platyhelminthes to chordates.
10	What are chordates?	Animals with notochord.
11	What type of symmetry is usually seen in Porifera?	Mostly asymmetrical.
12	Through which opening does water leave the sponge body?	Osculum.
13	What is meant by hermaphrodite in sponges?	Eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual.
14	Name examples of Porifera given in the text.	Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla, and Euspongia.
15	What type of cavity is present in cnidarians?	Central gastro-vascular cavity.
16	Describe the polyp form in cnidarians.	Sessile and cylindrical.
17	What are ctenophores commonly known as?	Sea walnuts or comb jellies.
18	What helps in locomotion in ctenophores?	Eight external rows of ciliated comb plates.
19	How does reproduction occur in ctenophores?	Only by sexual means.
20	What type of lifestyle is common in platyhelminthes?	Mostly endoparasitic.
21	What structures are present in parasitic platyhelminthes?	Hooks and suckers.
22	What type of development occurs in platyhelminthes?	Development through many larval stages.
23	What level of organisation is present in aschelminthes?	Organ-system level of organisation.
24	How are wastes removed in aschelminthes?	By an excretory tube through the excretory pore.
25	Name examples of aschelminthes given in the text.	Ascaris, Wuchereria, and Ancylostoma.
26	What type of body cavity is present in annelids?	True coelom.
27	What are nephridia?	Excretory structures that help in osmoregulation and excretion.
28	Name examples of annelids given in the text.	Nereis, Pheretima, and Hirudinaria.
29	Are arthropods segmented and coelomate?	Yes.
30	What type of circulatory system is present in arthropods?	Open circulatory system.
31	Are arthropods mostly oviparous or viviparous?	Mostly oviparous.
32	Which arthropod is mentioned as a gregarious pest?	Locusta (Locust).
33	Are molluscs triploblastic and coelomate?	Yes.
34	What structures are present in the mantle cavity?	Feather-like gills.
35	Why is the phylum named Echinodermata?	Because they are spiny-bodied animals.
36	Are echinoderms triploblastic and coelomate?	Yes.
37	Are sexes separate in echinoderms?	Yes.
38	How was Hemichordata classified earlier?	As a sub-phylum under Chordata.
39	What type of symmetry is present in hemichordates?	Bilateral symmetry.
40	What is the excretory organ in hemichordates?	Proboscis gland.
41	What are the fundamental characteristics of phylum Chordata?	Presence of notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
42	What additional structure is present in chordates?	Post-anal tail.
43	Where is the notochord present in Urochordata?	Only in the larval tail.
44	What replaces the notochord in adult vertebrates?	Cartilaginous or bony vertebral column.
45	What is the position and nature of the nervous system in chordates?	Dorsal, hollow, and single.
46	Is post-anal tail present in chordates?	Yes.
47	What is the nature of the cranium and vertebral column in cyclostomes?	Cartilaginous.
48	Name examples of Cyclostomata.	Petromyzon and Myxine.
49	Are gill slits covered by operculum in Chondrichthyes?	No.
50	What are poikilothermous animals?	Animals that cannot regulate body temperature.
51	Name examples of Chondrichthyes given in the text.	Scoliodon, Pristis, Carcharodon, and Trygon.
52	Describe the body of Osteichthyes.	Streamlined body with terminal mouth.
53	What type of heart is present in Osteichthyes?	Two-chambered heart.
54	Name marine examples of Osteichthyes given in the text.	Exocoetus and Hippocampus.
55	Into which parts is the amphibian body divided?	Head and trunk.
56	How does respiration occur in amphibians?	By gills, lungs, and skin.
57	What type of development occurs in amphibians?	Indirect development.
58	What structure represents the ear in reptiles?	Tympanum.
59	What is skin cast in reptiles?	Shedding of scales by snakes and lizards.
60	Name examples of reptiles given in the text.	Chelone, Testudo, Chameleon, Calotes, Crocodilus, Alligator, Hemidactylus, Naja, Bangarus, and Vipera.
61	How are hind limbs adapted in birds?	For walking, swimming, or clasping tree branches.
62	What type of heart is present in birds?	Completely four-chambered heart.
63	Are sexes separate in birds?	Yes.
64	In what types of habitats are mammals found?	Polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands, and dark caves.
65	What functions are mammalian limbs adapted for?	Walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming, or flying.
66	How does respiration occur in mammals?	By lungs.
67	Name the oviparous mammal mentioned in the text.	Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).
68	What is the distinctive feature of Ctenophora?	Comb plates for locomotion.
69	What is the distinctive feature of Mollusca?	External skeleton of shell usually present.
70	Which phyla show segmentation ?	Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata.
71	Which phyla possess a respiratory system ?	Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
72	What is characteristic of ctenophores?	Marine animals with comb plates.
73	Why are arthropods considered the most abundant animals?	Due to the presence of jointed appendages and large diversity.
74	What common features are observed in chordates according to the summary?	Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
75	What type of endoskeleton is present in Chondrichthyes?	Cartilaginous endoskeleton.
76	Which groups are poikilothermous (cold-blooded)?	Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.
77	What are the unique features of mammals according to the summary?	Mammary glands and hairs on the skin.
78	What type of digestion occurs outside the cell?	Extracellular digestion.
79	Which phylum is characterised by water vascular system?	Echinodermata.
80	Which phylum first shows segmentation in the body?	Annelida.
81	Hairs are characteristic of which class?	Mammalia.
82	Which example of Platyhelminthes is called liver fluke?	Fasciola.
83	Which echinoderm is called brittle star?	Ophiura.
84	Which Osteichthyes example is called sea horse?	Hippocampus.
85	Which mammal example is oviparous?	Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).