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#	Question	Answer
1	Why is classification important in the animal kingdom?	Classification helps in assigning a systematic position to newly described species.
2	Which fundamental features are used as the basis of animal classification?	Arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, and patterns of digestive, circulatory, and reproductive systems.
3	What level of organisation is seen in sponges?	Cellular level of organisation.
4	What is meant by cellular level of organisation?	Cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates with some division of labour among cells.
5	Which animals show tissue level of organisation?	Coelenterates.
6	What is tissue level of organisation?	Cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues.
7	Which phylum first exhibits organ level of organisation?	Platyhelminthes.
8	What is organ-system level of organisation?	Organs associate to form functional systems, each concerned with a specific physiological function.
9	Which animals exhibit organ-system level of organisation?	Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Chordates.
10	What is an incomplete digestive system?	A digestive system with a single opening serving as both mouth and anus.
11	What is a complete digestive system?	A digestive system with two openings: mouth and anus.
12	What is an open circulatory system?	Blood is pumped out of the heart and directly bathes the tissues and cells.
13	What is a closed circulatory system?	Blood circulates through vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.
14	What is asymmetry in animals?	Any plane passing through the centre does not divide the body into equal halves.
15	Which animals are mostly asymmetrical?	Sponges.
16	Define radial symmetry.	Any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into two identical halves.
17	Which groups show radial symmetry?	Coelenterates, ctenophores, and echinoderms.
18	Define bilateral symmetry.	The body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane.
19	Which animals exhibit bilateral symmetry?	Annelids, arthropods, and similar animals.
20	What are diploblastic animals?	Animals with two embryonic layers: ectoderm and endoderm.
21	What is mesoglea?	An undifferentiated layer present between ectoderm and endoderm.
22	What are triploblastic animals?	Animals with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
23	What is coelom?	A body cavity lined by mesoderm.
24	What are coelomates?	Animals possessing a true coelom.
25	Name some coelomate phyla mentioned in the text.	Annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.
26	Which animals are pseudocoelomates?	Aschelminthes.
27	What are acoelomates?	Animals in which the body cavity is absent.
28	Give an example of an acoelomate group.	Platyhelminthes.
29	What is metameric segmentation?	External and internal division of the body into segments with serial repetition of at least some organs.
30	In which animal is metameric segmentation clearly seen?	Earthworm.
31	What is notochord?	A mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals.
32	What are chordates?	Animals possessing a notochord.
33	What are non-chordates?	Animals that do not form a notochord.
34	What is coelom?	The body cavity lined by mesoderm is called coelom.
35	Why is coelom important in classification?	Presence or absence of coelom is very important in animal classification.
36	What are coelomates?	Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates.
37	Name the coelomate groups mentioned in the text.	Annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.
38	What is pseudocoelom?	A body cavity not lined by mesoderm, with mesoderm present as scattered pouches between ectoderm and endoderm.
39	What are pseudocoelomates?	Animals possessing pseudocoelom.
40	Give an example of pseudocoelomates.	Aschelminthes.
41	What are acoelomates?	Animals in which the body cavity is absent.
42	Give an example of acoelomates.	Platyhelminthes.
43	What are triploblastic animals?	Animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm, between ectoderm and endoderm.
44	Which groups are triploblastic according to the text?	Platyhelminthes to chordates.
45	What is segmentation?	External and internal division of the body into segments with serial repetition of some organs.
46	What is metamerism?	The phenomenon of metameric segmentation.
47	Which animal is given as an example of metameric segmentation?	Earthworm.
48	What is notochord?	A mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development.
49	What are chordates?	Animals with notochord.
50	What are non-chordates?	Animals that do not form a notochord.
51	Which groups are included under non-chordates according to the text?	Porifera to echinoderms.
52	What are members of Phylum Porifera commonly known as?	Sponges.
53	What type of habitat do most sponges have?	They are generally marine.
54	What type of symmetry is usually seen in Porifera?	Mostly asymmetrical.
55	What level of organisation is found in sponges?	Cellular level of organisation.
56	What is the canal system in sponges called?	Water transport or canal system.
57	Through which pores does water enter the sponge body?	Ostia.
58	What is spongocoel?	The central cavity in sponges.
59	Through which opening does water leave the sponge body?	Osculum.
60	What are the functions of the water transport system in sponges?	Food gathering, respiratory exchange, and removal of waste.
61	Which cells line the spongocoel and canals in sponges?	Choanocytes or collar cells.
62	What type of digestion occurs in sponges?	Intracellular digestion.
63	What supports the body of sponges?	Skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres.
64	What is meant by hermaphrodite in sponges?	Eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual.
65	How do sponges reproduce asexually?	By fragmentation.
66	How do sponges reproduce sexually?	By formation of gametes.
67	What type of fertilisation occurs in sponges?	Internal fertilisation.
68	What type of development occurs in sponges?	Indirect development with a larval stage morphologically distinct from the adult.
69	Name examples of Porifera given in the text.	Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla, and Euspongia.
70	What are cnidoblasts or cnidocytes?	Cells containing stinging capsules or nematocysts present on tentacles and body of cnidarians.
71	What are the functions of cnidoblasts?	Anchorage, defense, and capture of prey.
72	What level of organisation is present in cnidarians?	Tissue level of organisation.
73	Are cnidarians diploblastic or triploblastic?	Diploblastic.
74	What type of cavity is present in cnidarians?	Central gastro-vascular cavity.
75	How many openings are present in the cnidarian digestive cavity?	A single opening called mouth on hypostome.
76	What type of digestion occurs in cnidarians?	Both extracellular and intracellular digestion.
77	What forms the skeleton in corals?	Calcium carbonate.
78	Name the two basic body forms in cnidarians.	Polyp and medusa.
79	Describe the polyp form in cnidarians.	Sessile and cylindrical.
80	Describe the medusa form in cnidarians.	Umbrella-shaped and free-swimming.
81	What is metagenesis in cnidarians?	Alternation of generations where polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form polyps sexually.
82	Give an example of cnidarians showing metagenesis.	Obelia.
83	Name examples of cnidarians given in the text.	Physalia, Adamsia, Pennatula, Gorgonia, and Meandrina.
84	What are ctenophores commonly known as?	Sea walnuts or comb jellies.
85	What type of habitat do ctenophores have?	Exclusively marine.
86	What symmetry is shown by ctenophores?	Radial symmetry.
87	Are ctenophores diploblastic or triploblastic?	Diploblastic.
88	What level of organisation is present in ctenophores?	Tissue level of organisation.
89	What helps in locomotion in ctenophores?	Eight external rows of ciliated comb plates.
90	What type of digestion occurs in ctenophores?	Both extracellular and intracellular digestion.
91	What is bioluminescence?	The property of a living organism to emit light.
92	Is bioluminescence well-marked in ctenophores?	Yes.
93	Are sexes separate in ctenophores?	No.
94	How does reproduction occur in ctenophores?	Only by sexual means.
95	What type of fertilisation occurs in ctenophores?	External fertilisation.
96	What type of development occurs in ctenophores?	Indirect development.
97	Name examples of ctenophores.	Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.
98	Why are platyhelminthes called flatworms?	Because they have dorso-ventrally flattened bodies.
99	What type of lifestyle is common in platyhelminthes?	Mostly endoparasitic.
100	What symmetry is present in platyhelminthes?	Bilateral symmetry.
101	Are platyhelminthes triploblastic or diploblastic?	Triploblastic.
102	Are platyhelminthes coelomate or acoelomate?	Acoelomate.
103	What level of organisation is found in platyhelminthes?	Organ level of organisation.
104	What structures are present in parasitic platyhelminthes?	Hooks and suckers.
105	How do some platyhelminthes obtain nutrients?	By absorbing nutrients directly through their body surface.
106	What are flame cells?	Specialised cells that help in osmoregulation and excretion.
107	Are sexes separate in platyhelminthes?	No.
108	What type of fertilisation occurs in platyhelminthes?	Internal fertilisation.
109	What type of development occurs in platyhelminthes?	Development through many larval stages.
110	Which platyhelminth possesses high regeneration capacity?	Planaria.
111	Name examples of platyhelminthes given in the text.	Taenia (Tapeworm) and Fasciola (Liver fluke).
112	Why are aschelminthes called roundworms?	Because their body is circular in cross-section.
113	What habitats are seen in aschelminthes?	They may be free-living, aquatic, terrestrial, or parasitic in plants and animals.
114	What level of organisation is present in aschelminthes?	Organ-system level of organisation.
115	What type of symmetry is shown by aschelminthes?	Bilateral symmetry.
116	Are aschelminthes triploblastic or diploblastic?	Triploblastic.
117	Are aschelminthes coelomate or pseudocoelomate?	Pseudocoelomate.
118	Describe the alimentary canal of aschelminthes.	It is complete with a well-developed muscular pharynx.
119	How are wastes removed in aschelminthes?	By an excretory tube through the excretory pore.
120	Are sexes separate in aschelminthes?	Yes, they are dioecious.
121	Which sex is usually longer in roundworms?	Females are often longer than males.
122	What type of fertilisation occurs in aschelminthes?	Internal fertilisation.
123	What type of development occurs in aschelminthes?	Development may be direct or indirect.
124	Name examples of aschelminthes given in the text.	Ascaris, Wuchereria, and Ancylostoma.
125	What type of habitats are seen in annelids?	Aquatic, terrestrial, free-living, and sometimes parasitic.
126	What level of organisation is found in annelids?	Organ-system level of organisation.
127	What type of symmetry is present in annelids?	Bilateral symmetry.
128	Are annelids triploblastic?	Yes.
129	What type of body cavity is present in annelids?	True coelom.
130	What is the body segmentation in annelids called?	Metameric segmentation.
131	Which muscles help in locomotion in annelids?	Longitudinal and circular muscles.
132	What are parapodia?	Lateral appendages in aquatic annelids like Nereis that help in swimming.
133	What type of circulatory system is present in annelids?	Closed circulatory system.
134	What are nephridia?	Excretory structures that help in osmoregulation and excretion.
135	Describe the nervous system of annelids.	It consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.
136	Is Nereis dioecious or monoecious?	Dioecious.
137	Are earthworms and leeches monoecious or dioecious?	Monoecious.
138	What type of reproduction occurs in annelids?	Sexual reproduction.
139	Name examples of annelids given in the text.	Nereis, Pheretima, and Hirudinaria.
140	Which is the largest phylum of Animalia?	Arthropoda.
141	Approximately what fraction of named species are arthropods?	Over two-thirds.
142	What level of organisation is present in arthropods?	Organ-system level of organisation.
143	What type of symmetry is shown by arthropods?	Bilateral symmetry.
144	Are arthropods segmented and coelomate?	Yes.
145	What covers the body of arthropods?	Chitinous exoskeleton.
146	Name the body divisions of arthropods.	Head, thorax, and abdomen.
147	What are jointed appendages called in arthropods?	Arthros-joint, poda-appendages.
148	Name the respiratory organs in arthropods.	Gills, book gills, book lungs, or tracheal system.
149	What type of circulatory system is present in arthropods?	Open circulatory system.
150	Name the sensory organs found in arthropods.	Antennae, eyes (compound and simple), and statocysts or balancing organs.
151	How does excretion occur in arthropods?	Through Malpighian tubules.
152	Are arthropods mostly dioecious or monoecious?	Mostly dioecious.
153	What type of fertilisation occurs in arthropods?	Usually internal fertilisation.
154	Are arthropods mostly oviparous or viviparous?	Mostly oviparous.
155	What type of development may occur in arthropods?	Direct or indirect development.
156	Name economically important insects mentioned in the text.	Apis, Bombyx, and Laccifer.
157	Name the mosquito vectors mentioned in the text.	Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes.
158	Which arthropod is called a living fossil?	Limulus (King crab).
159	Which arthropod is mentioned as a gregarious pest?	Locusta (Locust).
160	Which phylum is the second largest animal phylum?	Mollusca.
161	What habitats are seen in molluscs?	Terrestrial, marine, or freshwater habitats.
162	What type of organisation is present in molluscs?	Organ-system level of organisation.
163	What type of symmetry is shown by molluscs?	Bilateral symmetry.
164	Are molluscs triploblastic and coelomate?	Yes.
165	What covers the body of molluscs?	A calcareous shell.
166	Name the main body parts of molluscs.	Distinct head, muscular foot, and visceral hump.
167	What is mantle in molluscs?	A soft and spongy layer of skin over the visceral hump.
168	What is mantle cavity?	The space between the visceral hump and mantle.
169	What structures are present in the mantle cavity?	Feather-like gills.
170	What are the functions of gills in molluscs?	Respiratory and excretory functions.
171	What sensory structures are present in the anterior head region of molluscs?	Sensory tentacles.
172	What is radula?	A file-like rasping organ used for feeding.
173	What forms the endoskeleton in echinoderms?	Calcareous ossicles.
174	Why is the phylum named Echinodermata?	Because they are spiny-bodied animals.
175	What habitat is seen in echinoderms?	All are marine.
176	What level of organisation is present in echinoderms?	Organ-system level of organisation.
177	What type of symmetry is present in adult echinoderms?	Radial symmetry.
178	What type of symmetry is present in echinoderm larvae?	Bilateral symmetry.
179	Are echinoderms triploblastic and coelomate?	Yes.
180	Describe the digestive system of echinoderms.	It is complete with mouth on the ventral side and anus on the dorsal side.
181	What is the most distinctive feature of echinoderms?	Presence of water vascular system.
182	What are the functions of the water vascular system?	Locomotion, capture and transport of food, and respiration.
183	Is the excretory system present in echinoderms?	No, it is absent.
184	Are sexes separate in echinoderms?	Yes.
185	What type of reproduction occurs in echinoderms?	Sexual reproduction.
186	What type of fertilisation occurs in echinoderms?	Usually external fertilisation.
187	What type of development occurs in echinoderms?	Indirect development with free-swimming larva.
188	Name examples of echinoderms given in the text.	Asterias, Echinus, Antedon, Cucumaria, and Ophiura.
189	How was Hemichordata classified earlier?	As a sub-phylum under Chordata.
190	How is Hemichordata classified now?	As a separate phylum under non-chordata.
191	What is stomochord?	A rudimentary structure in the collar region similar to notochord.
192	Describe the habitat of hemichordates.	Small group of worm-like marine animals.
193	What level of organisation is present in hemichordates?	Organ-system level of organisation.
194	What type of symmetry is present in hemichordates?	Bilateral symmetry.
195	Are hemichordates triploblastic and coelomate?	Yes.
196	Describe the body of hemichordates.	Cylindrical body composed of proboscis, collar, and trunk.
197	What type of circulatory system is present in hemichordates?	Open circulatory system.
198	How does respiration occur in hemichordates?	Through gills.
199	What is the excretory organ in hemichordates?	Proboscis gland.
200	Are sexes separate in hemichordates?	Yes.
201	What type of fertilisation occurs in hemichordates?	External fertilisation.
202	What type of development occurs in hemichordates?	Indirect development.
203	Name examples of hemichordates given in the text.	Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus.
204	What are the fundamental characteristics of phylum Chordata?	Presence of notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
205	What type of symmetry is present in chordates?	Bilateral symmetry.
206	Are chordates triploblastic and coelomate?	Yes.
207	What level of organisation is present in chordates?	Organ-system level of organisation.
208	What type of circulatory system is present in chordates?	Closed circulatory system.
209	What additional structure is present in chordates?	Post-anal tail.
210	Into how many subphyla is Chordata divided?	Three.
211	Name the three subphyla of Chordata.	Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
212	Which subphyla are called protochordates?	Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
213	What habitat is seen in protochordates?	Exclusively marine.
214	Where is the notochord present in Urochordata?	Only in the larval tail.
215	Describe the notochord in Cephalochordata.	Extends from head to tail and persists throughout life.
216	Name examples of Urochordata.	Ascidia, Salpa, and Doliolum.
217	Name an example of Cephalochordata.	Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
218	When is the notochord present in vertebrates?	During embryonic period.
219	What replaces the notochord in adult vertebrates?	Cartilaginous or bony vertebral column.
220	Why are all vertebrates chordates but all chordates not vertebrates?	Because vertebrates possess a vertebral column replacing the notochord in adults.
221	What type of heart is present in vertebrates?	Ventral muscular heart with two, three, or four chambers.
222	What are the functions of kidneys in vertebrates?	Excretion and osmoregulation.
223	What type of appendages occur in vertebrates?	Paired appendages in the form of fins or limbs.
224	What is the position and nature of the nervous system in chordates?	Dorsal, hollow, and single.
225	What is the position and nature of the nervous system in non-chordates?	Ventral, solid, and double.
226	What is the position of the heart in chordates?	Ventral.
227	What is the position of the heart in non-chordates?	Dorsal, if present.
228	Are gill slits present in chordates?	Yes, pharynx is perforated by gill slits.
229	Is post-anal tail present in chordates?	Yes.
230	What type of lifestyle is seen in Cyclostomata?	Ectoparasites on some fishes.
231	How many pairs of gill slits are present in cyclostomes?	6 - 15 pairs.
232	Describe the mouth of cyclostomes.	Sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
233	Are scales and paired fins present in cyclostomes?	No.
234	What is the nature of the cranium and vertebral column in cyclostomes?	Cartilaginous.
235	What type of circulation is present in cyclostomes?	Closed circulation.
236	Describe the habitat and migration of cyclostomes.	Marine animals that migrate to freshwater for spawning.
237	What happens to cyclostomes after spawning?	They die within a few days.
238	What happens to cyclostome larvae after metamorphosis?	They return to the ocean.
239	Name examples of Cyclostomata.	Petromyzon and Myxine.
240	What type of habitat is seen in Chondrichthyes?	Marine habitat.
241	Describe the body of Chondrichthyes.	Streamlined body with cartilaginous endoskeleton.
242	Where is the mouth located in Chondrichthyes?	Ventrally.
243	What happens to the notochord in Chondrichthyes?	It persists throughout life.
244	Are gill slits covered by operculum in Chondrichthyes?	No.
245	What type of scales are present in Chondrichthyes?	Placoid scales.
246	How are teeth formed in Chondrichthyes?	Teeth are modified placoid scales.
247	Why do Chondrichthyes swim constantly?	Due to absence of air bladder.
248	What type of heart is present in Chondrichthyes?	Two-chambered heart.
249	What are poikilothermous animals?	Animals that cannot regulate body temperature.
250	Are sexes separate in Chondrichthyes?	Yes.
251	What are claspers in Chondrichthyes?	Structures borne on pelvic fins of males.
252	What type of fertilisation occurs in Chondrichthyes?	Internal fertilisation.
253	Are many Chondrichthyes viviparous or oviparous?	Viviparous.
254	Name examples of Chondrichthyes given in the text.	Scoliodon, Pristis, Carcharodon, and Trygon.
255	Which fish possesses electric organs according to the text?	Torpedo.
256	Which fish possesses poison sting according to the text?	Trygon.
257	What type of endoskeleton is present in Osteichthyes?	Bony endoskeleton.
258	What habitats are seen in Osteichthyes?	Marine and freshwater habitats.
259	Describe the body of Osteichthyes.	Streamlined body with terminal mouth.
260	How many pairs of gills are present in Osteichthyes?	Four pairs.
261	What covers the gills in Osteichthyes?	Operculum.
262	What types of scales are present in Osteichthyes?	Cycloid or ctenoid scales.
263	What is the function of the air bladder in Osteichthyes?	Regulates buoyancy.
264	What type of heart is present in Osteichthyes?	Two-chambered heart.
265	Are Osteichthyes cold-blooded?	Yes.
266	What type of fertilisation usually occurs in Osteichthyes?	External fertilisation.
267	Are Osteichthyes mostly oviparous or viviparous?	Mostly oviparous.
268	What type of development occurs in Osteichthyes?	Direct development.
269	Name marine examples of Osteichthyes given in the text.	Exocoetus and Hippocampus.
270	Name freshwater examples of Osteichthyes given in the text.	Labeo, Catla, and Clarias.
271	Name aquarium fishes mentioned in the text.	Betta and Pterophyllum.
272	What habitats can amphibians live in?	Aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
273	How many pairs of limbs are usually present in amphibians?	Two pairs.
274	Into which parts is the amphibian body divided?	Head and trunk.
275	Is tail present in amphibians?	Tail may be present in some.
276	Describe the skin of amphibians.	Moist and without scales.
277	What structure represents the ear in amphibians?	Tympanum.
278	What is cloaca?	Common chamber into which alimentary canal, urinary, and reproductive tracts open.
279	How does respiration occur in amphibians?	By gills, lungs, and skin.
280	What type of heart is present in amphibians?	Three-chambered heart.
281	Are amphibians cold-blooded?	Yes.
282	What type of fertilisation occurs in amphibians?	External fertilisation.
283	Are amphibians oviparous or viviparous?	Oviparous.
284	What type of development occurs in amphibians?	Indirect development.
285	Name examples of amphibians given in the text.	Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Salamandra, and Ichthyophis.
286	What type of habitat is common in reptiles?	Mostly terrestrial.
287	Describe the skin of reptiles.	Dry and cornified skin with epidermal scales or scutes.
288	Are external ear openings present in reptiles?	No.
289	What structure represents the ear in reptiles?	Tympanum.
290	How many pairs of limbs are present in reptiles?	Two pairs, when present.
291	What type of heart is usually present in reptiles?	Three-chambered heart.
292	Which reptiles possess a four-chambered heart?	Crocodiles.
293	Are reptiles poikilotherms or homoiotherms?	Poikilotherms.
294	What is skin cast in reptiles?	Shedding of scales by snakes and lizards.
295	Are sexes separate in reptiles?	Yes.
296	What type of fertilisation occurs in reptiles?	Internal fertilisation.
297	Are reptiles oviparous or viviparous?	Oviparous.
298	What type of development occurs in reptiles?	Direct development.
299	Name examples of reptiles given in the text.	Chelone, Testudo, Chameleon, Calotes, Crocodilus, Alligator, Hemidactylus, Naja, Bangarus, and Vipera.
300	What are the characteristic features of Aves?	Presence of feathers and ability to fly in most birds.
301	Which bird mentioned in the text is flightless?	Ostrich.
302	What structure is characteristic of birds?	Beak.
303	Into what are the forelimbs modified in birds?	Wings.
304	How are hind limbs adapted in birds?	For walking, swimming, or clasping tree branches.
305	Describe the skin of birds.	Dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail.
306	Describe the endoskeleton of birds.	Fully ossified with hollow pneumatic bones.
307	What are pneumatic bones?	Hollow bones with air cavities.
308	Name the additional chambers in the digestive tract of birds.	Crop and gizzard.
309	What type of heart is present in birds?	Completely four-chambered heart.
310	Are birds warm-blooded or cold-blooded?	Warm-blooded (homoiothermous).
311	What is the meaning of homoiothermous?	Ability to maintain constant body temperature.
312	How does respiration occur in birds?	By lungs.
313	What supplements respiration in birds?	Air sacs connected to lungs.
314	Are sexes separate in birds?	Yes.
315	What type of fertilisation occurs in birds?	Internal fertilisation.
316	Are birds oviparous or viviparous?	Oviparous.
317	What type of development occurs in birds?	Direct development.
318	Name examples of birds given in the text.	Corvus, Columba, Psittacula, Struthio, Pavo, Aptenodytes, and Neophron.
319	In what types of habitats are mammals found?	Polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands, and dark caves.
320	What special adaptations are seen in some mammals?	Adapted to fly or live in water.
321	What is the most unique characteristic of mammals?	Presence of mammary glands.
322	What is the function of mammary glands?	Nourishment of young ones by milk production.
323	How many pairs of limbs are present in mammals?	Two pairs.
324	What functions are mammalian limbs adapted for?	Walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming, or flying.
325	What unique feature is present in the skin of mammals?	Presence of hair.
326	What are pinnae in mammals?	External ears.
327	What type of heart is present in mammals?	Four-chambered heart.
328	Are mammals homoiothermous or poikilothermous?	Homoiothermous.
329	How does respiration occur in mammals?	By lungs.
330	Are sexes separate in mammals?	Yes.
331	What type of fertilisation occurs in mammals?	Internal fertilisation.
332	Are mammals viviparous or oviparous?	Mostly viviparous with few exceptions.
333	What type of development occurs in mammals?	Direct development.
334	Name the oviparous mammal mentioned in the text.	Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).
335	Name viviparous mammals mentioned in the text.	Macropus, Pteropus, Camelus, Macaca, Rattus, Canis, Felis, Elephas, Equus, Delphinus, Balaenoptera, Panthera tigris, and Panthera leo.
336	What type of symmetry is present in Porifera?	Various or asymmetrical.
337	What is the distinctive feature of Porifera?	Body with pores and canals in walls.
338	What is the distinctive feature of Coelenterata (Cnidaria)?	Presence of cnidoblasts.
339	What is the distinctive feature of Ctenophora?	Comb plates for locomotion.
340	What is the distinctive feature of Platyhelminthes?	Flat body with suckers.
341	What is the distinctive feature of Aschelminthes?	Often worm-shaped and elongated body.
342	What is the distinctive feature of Annelida?	Body segmentation like rings.
343	What is the distinctive feature of Arthropoda?	Exoskeleton of cuticle with jointed appendages.
344	What is the distinctive feature of Mollusca?	External skeleton of shell usually present.
345	What is the distinctive feature of Echinodermata?	Water vascular system and radial symmetry.
346	What is the distinctive feature of Hemichordata?	Worm-like body with proboscis, collar, and trunk.
347	What is the distinctive feature of Chordata?	Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits with limbs or fins.
348	Which phylum first shows organ level of organisation?	Platyhelminthes.
349	Which phyla show segmentation ?	Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata.
350	Which phyla have complete digestive systems ?	Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
351	Which phyla have incomplete digestive systems ?	Coelenterata, Ctenophora, and Platyhelminthes.
352	Which phyla lack a circulatory system ?	Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, and Aschelminthes.
353	Which phyla possess a circulatory system?	Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
354	Which phyla possess a respiratory system ?	Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata.
355	Which fundamental features help classify the animal kingdom according to the summary?	Level of organisation, symmetry, cell organisation, coelom, segmentation, and notochord.
356	What special cells are characteristic of Porifera?	Flagellated choanocytes.
357	What structures are characteristic of coelenterates?	Tentacles and cnidoblasts.
358	What type of habitat and lifestyle are common in coelenterates?	Mostly aquatic, sessile, or free-floating.
359	What is characteristic of ctenophores?	Marine animals with comb plates.
360	What feature is characteristic of platyhelminthes?	Flat body and bilateral symmetry.
361	What special structures are present in parasitic platyhelminthes?	Distinct suckers and hooks.
362	What type of animals are aschelminthes?	Pseudocoelomates including parasitic and non-parasitic roundworms.
363	What is characteristic of annelids according to the summary?	Metamerically segmented animals with true coelom.
364	Why are arthropods considered the most abundant animals?	Due to the presence of jointed appendages and large diversity.
365	Describe the body of molluscs according to the summary.	Soft body surrounded by external calcareous shell.
366	What covers the body in arthropods according to the summary?	External skeleton made of chitin.
367	What is the most distinctive feature of echinoderms according to the summary?	Water vascular system.
368	Describe the body plan of hemichordates according to the summary.	Cylindrical body with proboscis, collar, and trunk.
369	What common features are observed in chordates according to the summary?	Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
370	Which class represents Agnatha?	Cyclostomata.
371	What are cyclostomes according to the summary?	Most primitive chordates and ectoparasites on fishes.
372	Name the two superclasses of Gnathostomata.	Pisces and Tetrapoda.
373	Which classes are grouped under Pisces?	Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
374	What type of endoskeleton is present in Chondrichthyes?	Cartilaginous endoskeleton.
375	Which classes are grouped under Tetrapoda?	Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
376	What adaptation is seen in amphibians?	Adaptation to live on land and in water.
377	What type of skin is characteristic of reptiles according to the summary?	Dry and cornified skin.
378	In which reptiles are limbs absent?	Snakes.
379	Which groups are poikilothermous (cold-blooded)?	Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles.
380	Which groups are warm-blooded?	Aves and Mammalia
381	What structures cover the bodies of birds?	Feathers.
382	Into what are the forelimbs modified in birds?	Wings.
383	How are hind limbs adapted in birds?	For walking, swimming, perching, or clasping.
384	What are the unique features of mammals according to the summary?	Mammary glands and hairs on the skin.
385	What reproductive feature is commonly exhibited by mammals?	Viviparity.
386	Why are common fundamental features important in animal classification?	They help classify animals systematically.
387	Which body cavity feature is important in classification?	Nature of coelom.
388	What type of digestion occurs inside the cell?	Intracellular digestion.
389	What type of digestion occurs outside the cell?	Extracellular digestion.
390	What is direct development?	Development in which young ones resemble the adult.
391	What is indirect development?	Development involving larval stages.
392	What special structures are present in parasitic platyhelminthes?	Hooks and suckers.
393	Which phylum constitutes the largest group in Animal Kingdom?	Arthropoda.
394	Which phylum is characterised by water vascular system?	Echinodermata.
395	Why are all vertebrates chordates?	Because they possess chordate characteristics such as notochord during embryonic development.
396	Why are all chordates not vertebrates?	Because some chordates lack a vertebral column.
397	What is the function of air bladder in Pisces?	Regulation of buoyancy.
398	What modifications help birds in flying?	Wings, feathers, pneumatic bones, and air sacs.
399	Which phylum first shows segmentation in the body?	Annelida.
400	With which group is operculum associated?	Osteichthyes.
401	With which group are parapodia associated?	Annelida.
402	Comb plates are characteristic of which phylum?	Ctenophora.
403	Radula is characteristic of which phylum?	Mollusca.
404	Hairs are characteristic of which class?	Mammalia.
405	Choanocytes are characteristic of which phylum?	Porifera.
406	Which example of Porifera is mentioned in earlier sections?	Sycon.
407	Which example of Coelenterata is called Portuguese man-of-war?	Physalia.
408	Which phylum contains sea walnuts or comb jellies?	Ctenophora.
409	Which example of Platyhelminthes is called liver fluke?	Fasciola.
410	Which example of Aschelminthes is a hookworm?	Ancylostoma.
411	Which annelid is known as blood-sucking leech?	Hirudinaria.
412	Which arthropod is known as king crab?	Limulus.
413	Which mollusc is called devil fish?	Octopus.
414	Which echinoderm is called brittle star?	Ophiura.
415	Which hemichordate example is given in the text?	Balanoglossus.
416	Which protochordate is also called Amphioxus?	Branchiostoma.
417	Which cyclostome is known as lamprey?	Petromyzon.
418	Which Chondrichthyes example is called great white shark?	Carcharodon.
419	Which Osteichthyes example is called sea horse?	Hippocampus.
420	Which amphibian is known as tree frog?	Hyla.
421	Which reptile example is called cobra?	Naja.
422	Which bird example is called penguin?	Aptenodytes.
423	Which mammal example is called blue whale?	Balaenoptera.
424	Which mammal example is oviparous?	Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).