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#	Question	Answer
1	Why are cyanobacteria no longer considered algae?	Because Monera and Protista members with cell walls have been excluded from Plantae.
2	What are natural classification systems based on?	Natural affinities among organisms.
3	What is Cytotaxonomy based on?	Cytological information such as chromosome number, structure, and behaviour.
4	What are zoospores?	Flagellated motile spores involved in asexual reproduction of algae.
5	How do algae help aquatic environments?	They increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment.
6	From which algae are agar obtained?	Gelidium and Gracilaria.
7	Which pigments dominate in green algae?	Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
8	How does vegetative reproduction occur in green algae?	By fragmentation.
9	Which pigments are present in brown algae?	Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls.
10	By which structure is the plant body of brown algae attached to the substratum?	Holdfast.
11	What types of sexual reproduction occur in brown algae?	Isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous.
12	At what depths can red algae occur?	Both near the water surface and at great ocean depths where little light penetrates.
13	What type of sexual reproduction occurs in red algae?	Oogamous reproduction with complex post-fertilisation development.
14	What are bryophytes?	Mosses and liverworts commonly found in moist shaded areas in hills.
15	Do bryophytes possess true roots, stems, and leaves?	No, they lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
16	Describe the archegonium in bryophytes.	It is flask-shaped and produces a single egg.
17	What is produced after meiosis in bryophyte sporophytes?	Haploid spores.
18	In which habitats do liverworts usually grow?	Moist shady habitats such as marshy grounds, damp soil, bark of trees, and woods.
19	What are the two stages of the moss gametophyte?	Protonema stage and leafy stage.
20	Which plants are included under pteridophytes?	Horsetails and ferns.
21	What are microphylls? Give an example.	Small leaves found in pteridophytes, as in Selaginella.
22	What is a prothallus?	An inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophyte.
23	What are homosporous pteridophytes?	Pteridophytes producing only one kind of spores.
24	Give examples of Lycopsida.	Selaginella and Lycopodium.
25	What type of root system is generally found in gymnosperms?	Tap root system.
26	Which two types of spores are produced by gymnosperms?	Haploid microspores and megaspores.
27	Where does pollen grain development occur?	Within the microsporangia.
28	What is nucellus?	Tissue protected by envelopes forming part of the ovule.
29	Do gymnosperm gametophytes have an independent free-living existence?	No, they remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes.
30	How are angiosperms different from gymnosperms regarding ovules?	In angiosperms, ovules are enclosed within flowers, unlike naked ovules in gymnosperms.
31	Into which two classes are angiosperms divided?	Dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
32	How do algae reproduce vegetatively?	By fragmentation.
33	What is the main plant body of a bryophyte called?	Gametophyte.
34	What do spores of pteridophytes germinate into?	Gametophytes.
35	What happens after fertilisation in gymnosperms?	The zygote develops into an embryo and ovules into seeds.
36	Match: Sphagnum belongs to which group?	Moss.