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#	Question	Answer
1	Name some characteristics later included in classification systems besides gross morphology.	Cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction and evolutionary relationships.
2	Which organisms were earlier included under the plant kingdom in older classification systems?	Bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
3	Which organisms were grouped together in Kingdom Protista?	Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Paramoecium and Amoeba.
4	Which kingdom has chitin in the cell wall?	Fungi.
5	Which organisms are the sole members of Kingdom Monera?	Bacteria are the sole members of Kingdom Monera.
6	On what basis are bacteria grouped into four categories?	On the basis of shape.
7	How is bacterial structure described?	The bacterial structure is very simple.
8	What are heterotrophic bacteria?	Bacteria that depend on other organisms or dead organic matter for food.
9	Where are methanogens found?	In marshy areas.
10	What are the characteristic features of eubacteria?	Presence of a rigid cell wall and flagellum if motile.
11	What type of habitats do cyanobacteria occupy?	Freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats.
12	What do chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise?	Inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia.
13	What role do some bacteria play in legumes?	They fix nitrogen in legume roots.
14	What is special about Mycoplasma?	They completely lack a cell wall.
15	Name the groups included under Protista in this book.	Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans.
16	How do protists reproduce?	Both asexually and sexually through cell fusion and zygote formation.
17	Describe the cell wall of diatoms.	It forms two thin overlapping shells fitting together like a soap box.
18	What ecological role do diatoms play in oceans?	They are the chief producers in oceans.
19	What is red tide?	Rapid multiplication of red dinoflagellates making the sea appear red.
20	What is the function of pellicle in euglenoids?	It makes the body flexible.
21	Name the four major groups of protozoans.	Amoeboid protozoans, flagellated protozoans, ciliated protozoans and sporozoans.
22	Name a parasitic amoeboid protozoan.	Entamoeba.
23	What is the feeding cavity in ciliated protozoans called?	Gullet.
24	What type of organisms are fungi?	Heterotrophic organisms.
25	What is meant by fungi being cosmopolitan?	They occur in air, water, soil and on plants and animals.
26	What is mycelium?	The network of hyphae.
27	What are parasitic fungi?	Fungi that depend on living plants and animals.
28	Name the sexual spores in fungi.	Oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
29	What happens when conidia germinate?	They produce mycelium.
30	Which members of ascomycetes are considered delicacies?	Morels and truffles.
31	How do basidiomycetes commonly reproduce vegetatively?	By fragmentation.
32	What are basidiospores?	Spores produced exogenously on basidia.
33	By which spores do deuteromycetes reproduce?	Asexual spores called conidia.
34	Name examples of partially heterotrophic plants.	Insectivorous plants and parasites.
35	What are the two phases in the plant life cycle?	Diploid sporophytic phase and haploid gametophytic phase.
36	In what form do animals store food reserves?	Glycogen or fat.
37	Who recognised the causal organism of tobacco mosaic disease in 1892?	Dmitri Ivanowsky.
38	What is the nature of viruses outside their host cell?	Inert.
39	What type of genetic material is usually found in plant viruses?	In general, single-stranded RNA.
40	What are capsomeres?	Small subunits forming the capsid.
41	Who discovered viroids?	T.O. Diener (1971).
42	Which disease in cattle is caused by prions?	Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease).
43	Which component of lichens is autotrophic?	Phycobiont.
44	Who first proposed biological classification on the basis of simple morphological characters?	Aristotle.
45	What type of distribution do bacteria show?	Cosmopolitan distribution.
46	What cellular structures are present in protists?	Defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
47	Name the plant groups included in Plantae.	Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
48	What is phycobiont in lichens?	The algal component of lichen.