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#	Question	Answer
1	Why was the Two Kingdom classification considered inadequate?	Many organisms did not fit into either plants or animals.
2	What does the three-domain system do to Kingdom Monera?	It divides Kingdom Monera into two domains.
3	Which kingdom includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms?	Kingdom Protista.
4	What type of cell wall is present in Monera?	Non-cellulosic cell wall made of polysaccharide and amino acid.
5	What is the mode of nutrition in Animalia?	Heterotrophic (holozoic/saprophytic etc.).
6	In what way do many bacteria live with other organisms?	Many bacteria live in or on other organisms as parasites.
7	What is the spiral-shaped form of bacteria called?	Spirillum (plural: spirilla).
8	Name the two types of autotrophic bacteria.	Photosynthetic autotrophic and chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria.
9	Where are thermoacidophiles found?	In hot springs.
10	What are eubacteria commonly called?	True bacteria.
11	What forms can cyanobacteria occur in?	Unicellular, colonial or filamentous forms.
12	Name two cyanobacteria having heterocysts.	Nostoc and Anabaena.
13	Mention two useful activities of bacteria for humans.	Making curd from milk and production of antibiotics.
14	How does sexual reproduction occur in bacteria?	By a primitive type of DNA transfer from one bacterium to another.
15	Which organisms are included under Kingdom Protista?	All single-celled eukaryotes.
16	What locomotory structures may protists possess?	Flagella or cilia.
17	What is the mode of nutrition in most Chrysophytes?	Photosynthetic.
18	Mention two uses of diatomaceous earth.	Polishing and filtration of oils and syrups.
19	How many flagella are present in most dinoflagellates?	Two flagella.
20	What replaces the cell wall in euglenoids?	A protein-rich layer called pellicle.
21	Protozoans are believed to be primitive relatives of which kingdom?	Animal kingdom.
22	What is present on the surface of marine amoeboid protozoans?	Silica shells.
23	Why are ciliated protozoans actively moving organisms?	Due to the presence of thousands of cilia.
24	Which protozoan causes malaria?	Plasmodium.
25	Which fungus is a source of antibiotics?	Penicillium.
26	What is the body structure of most fungi?	Filamentous with long thread-like structures called hyphae.
27	What are saprophytes?	Fungi that absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates.
28	Name the asexual spores in fungi.	Conidia, sporangiospores and zoospores.
29	Where are conidia produced?	On special mycelium called conidiophores.
30	Which fungus is widely used in biochemical and genetic work?	Neurospora.
31	Describe the mycelium of basidiomycetes.	Branched and septate (Asexual spores are generally not found).
32	Where do karyogamy and meiosis occur in basidiomycetes?	In the basidium.
33	What happens when sexual forms of deuteromycetes are discovered?	They are moved to their appropriate classes.
34	Which organisms are included in Kingdom Plantae?	All eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called plants.
35	Which groups are included in Plantae?	Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
36	Where do animals digest their food?	In an internal cavity.
37	What happens when viruses infect a host cell?	They take over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host.
38	What do virus crystals mainly consist of?	Proteins.
39	What is a virus chemically described as?	A nucleoprotein.
40	What is the protein coat of a virus called?	Capsid.
41	Mention symptoms of viral diseases in plants.	Mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing, vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth.
42	What are prions?	Infectious agents made of abnormally folded proteins.
43	What is the fungal component of lichens called?	Mycobiont.
44	Why are lichens considered good pollution indicators?	They do not grow in polluted areas.
45	Which kingdom includes bacteria in the five kingdom classification?	Kingdom Monera.
46	Name the groups included under Protista.	Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime-moulds and Protozoans.
47	Which organisms are included in Kingdom Plantae?	All eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms.
48	What is the mode of nutrition in animals?	Holozoic nutrition by ingestion of food.