Chapter 13: Plant Growth and Development
50 sample Plant Growth and Development flashcard questions and answers for NEET-UG Biology - Class 11, laid out as a readable study sheet. Read them straight on this page, print them, or save them as a PDF using your browser's print dialog.
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two processes that together make up development in plants? | Growth and differentiation. |
| What is the first step in plant growth? | Seed germination. |
| Under what condition do seeds germinate? | Seeds germinate when favourable environmental conditions exist. |
| What happens to seeds in the absence of favourable conditions? | They enter a period of suspended growth or rest. |
| What resumes when favourable conditions return after seed dormancy? | Metabolic activities and growth resume. |
| Which factors govern and control plant developmental processes? | Intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) factors. |
| How is growth defined in plants? | An irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ, its parts, or an individual cell. |
| Growth is generally accompanied by which metabolic processes? | Both anabolic and catabolic processes. |
| Why is plant growth considered indeterminate? | Because plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout life. |
| Which structures are responsible for unlimited growth in plants? | Meristems. |
| What is the characteristic feature of meristematic cells? | They can divide and self-perpetuate. |
| What is meant by the open form of growth? | Continuous addition of new cells to the plant body by meristem activity. |
| Which meristems are responsible for primary growth in plants? | Root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem. |
| What is the role of lateral meristems in dicots and gymnosperms? | They increase the girth of plant organs. |
| What is secondary growth? | Increase in the girth of plant organs due to lateral meristems. |
| Name two lateral meristems. | Vascular cambium and cork cambium. |
| Growth at the cellular level mainly results from an increase in what? | Protoplasm. |
| List some parameters used to measure growth in plants. | Fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume, and cell number. |
| Into how many phases is the period of growth divided? | Three phases. |
| Name the three phases of growth. | Meristematic phase, elongation phase, and maturation phase. |
| Which cells represent the meristematic phase of growth? | Constantly dividing cells at root and shoot apices. |
| Mention two characteristics of meristematic cells. | Rich in protoplasm and possess large conspicuous nuclei. |
| What type of cell walls do meristematic cells possess? | Thin, primary, cellulosic cell walls. |
| What are the characteristics of cells in the elongation phase? | Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement, and new cell wall deposition. |
| What happens during the maturation phase of growth? | Cells attain maximal size with wall thickening and protoplasmic modifications. |
| Which meristems are mainly responsible for primary growth in plants? | Root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem. |
| What is the main function of primary growth? | Elongation of plants along their axis. |
| Which meristems are responsible for secondary growth in plants? | Vascular cambium and cork cambium. |
| What is secondary growth? | Increase in the girth of plant organs due to lateral meristems. |
| Growth at the cellular level mainly results from an increase in what? | Increase in the amount of protoplasm. |
| Why is protoplasm increase difficult to measure directly? | Because it cannot be measured directly, proportional quantities are measured instead. |
| Name some parameters used to measure plant growth. | Fresh weight, dry weight, length, area, volume, and cell number. |
| How many new cells can a single maize root apical meristem produce per hour? | More than 17,500 new cells per hour. |
| By how much can watermelon cells increase in size? | Up to 3,50,000 times. |
| Growth in maize root apical meristem is expressed as an increase in what? | Increase in cell number. |
| Growth in watermelon cells is expressed as an increase in what? | Increase in cell size. |
| How is the growth of a pollen tube measured? | In terms of length. |
| Which parameter denotes growth in a dorsiventral leaf? | Increase in surface area. |
| Name the three phases of growth. | Meristematic phase, elongation phase, and maturation phase. |
| Which cells represent the meristematic phase of growth? | Constantly dividing cells at root and shoot apex. |
| Mention two characteristics of meristematic cells. | They are rich in protoplasm and possess large conspicuous nuclei. |
| What type of cell walls are found in meristematic cells? | Thin, primary, cellulosic cell walls with abundant plasmodesmatal connections. |
| Which phase occurs just behind the meristematic zone? | Phase of elongation. |
| What are the characteristics of cells in the elongation phase? | Increased vacuolation, cell enlargement, and new cell wall deposition. |
| Which phase lies beyond the elongation phase? | Phase of maturation. |
| What happens to cells during the maturation phase? | They attain maximal size with wall thickening and protoplasmic modifications. |
| What is growth rate? | Increased growth per unit time. |
| How can the rate of growth be expressed? | Mathematically. |
| What are the two major patterns of growth rate increase? | Arithmetic growth and geometrical growth. |
| In arithmetic growth, after mitotic division, how many daughter cells continue to divide? | Only one daughter cell continues to divide while the other differentiates and matures. |
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