Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of the internal structure of plants called? | The study of the internal structure of plants is called anatomy. |
| What is the basic unit of plants? | Cells are the basic unit of plants. |
| Into what are plant cells organised? | Cells are organised into tissues, and tissues are organised into organs. |
| Name the three types of tissue systems in plants. | Epidermal tissue system, ground (fundamental) tissue system, and vascular (conducting) tissue system. |
| What forms the outermost covering of the whole plant body? | The epidermal tissue system forms the outermost covering of the whole plant body. |
| What are the components of the epidermal tissue system? | Epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, and hairs. |
| What is the outermost layer of the primary plant body? | The epidermis is the outermost layer of the primary plant body. |
| What type of cells make up the epidermis? | Epidermal cells are parenchymatous with a small amount of cytoplasm lining the cell wall and a large vacuole. |
| What is the function of the cuticle? | The cuticle prevents the loss of water. |
| In which plant organ is cuticle absent? | Cuticle is absent in roots. |
| Where are stomata present? | Stomata are present in the epidermis of leaves. |
| What are the functions of stomata? | Stomata regulate transpiration and gaseous exchange. |
| What are guard cells? | Guard cells are two bean-shaped cells that enclose the stomatal pore. |
| What shape are guard cells in grasses? | In grasses, guard cells are dumb-bell shaped. |
| Which walls of guard cells are thickened? | The inner walls towards the stomatal pore are highly thickened. |
| What is stomatal apparatus? | The stomatal aperture, guard cells, and surrounding subsidiary cells together form the stomatal apparatus. |
| What are root hairs? | Root hairs are unicellular elongations of epidermal cells. |
| What is the function of root hairs? | Root hairs help absorb water and minerals from the soil. |
| What constitutes the ground tissue? | All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the ground tissue. |
| Which simple tissues are present in the ground tissue system? | Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. |
| What is mesophyll? | In leaves, the ground tissue consisting of thin-walled chloroplast-containing cells is called mesophyll. |
| Which tissues constitute the vascular system in plants? | The vascular system consists of xylem and phloem. |
| What do xylem and phloem together form? | Xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles. |
| What are open vascular bundles? | Vascular bundles with cambium present between xylem and phloem are called open vascular bundles. |
| Why are dicot vascular bundles called open? | Because the presence of cambium allows formation of secondary xylem and phloem tissues. |
| What are closed vascular bundles? | Vascular bundles without cambium that do not form secondary tissues are called closed vascular bundles. |
| In which plants are vascular bundles usually closed? | In monocotyledons, vascular bundles are usually closed. |
| What is a radial vascular bundle arrangement? | When xylem and phloem are arranged alternately along different radii, the arrangement is called radial. |
| Where are radial vascular bundles commonly found? | Radial vascular bundles are found in roots. |
| What are conjoint vascular bundles? | In conjoint vascular bundles, xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius. |
| In which plant organs are conjoint vascular bundles common? | Conjoint vascular bundles are common in stems and leaves. |
| Where is phloem located in conjoint vascular bundles? | Phloem is usually located on the outer side of xylem. |
| Which layer is the outermost layer in a dicot root? | Epiblema is the outermost layer in a dicot root. |
| What protrudes from the epiblema in dicot roots? | Unicellular root hairs protrude from the epiblema. |
| What type of cells form the cortex of dicot roots? | The cortex consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces. |
| What is the innermost layer of the cortex called? | The innermost layer of the cortex is called endodermis. |
| Describe the cells of the endodermis. | In roots, the endodermis comprises a single layer of barrel-shaped cells without any intercellular spaces. |
| What are Casparian strips? | Casparian strips are deposits of water-impermeable waxy suberin present on tangential and radial walls of endodermal cells. |
| What is the pericycle? | In dicot roots, it is a few layers of thick-walled parenchymatous cells next to the endodermis. |
| What functions are performed by the pericycle? | Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth takes place in the pericycle. |
| What is conjunctive tissue? | The parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem are called conjunctive tissue. |
| How many xylem and phloem patches are usually present in dicot roots? | Usually two to four xylem and phloem patches are present. |
| What is stele? | All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis, such as pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith, constitute the stele. |
| What is polyarch condition in monocot roots? | Presence of more than six xylem bundles in monocot roots is called polyarch condition. |
| How is the pith in monocot roots? | The pith in monocot roots is large and well developed. |
| Do monocot roots undergo secondary growth? | No, monocotyledonous roots do not undergo secondary growth. |
| What covers the epidermis of a young dicot stem? | The epidermis is covered with a thin layer of cuticle. |
| What structures may be present on the epidermis of a dicot stem? | Trichomes and a few stomata may be present. |
| What constitutes the cortex in a dicot stem? | Cells arranged in multiple layers between epidermis and pericycle constitute the cortex. |
| Into how many sub-zones is the cortex divided in a dicot stem? | The cortex consists of three sub-zones. |
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